ObjectiveTo explore the protective effect of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus （IOP） on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced acute lung injury （ALI） in mice. MethodA total of 40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， dexamethasone group， and high-dose and low-dose IOP groups， with eight mice in each group. The high-dose and low-dose IOP groups were administered intragastrically with IOP at 20 and 10 mg·kg^-1， respectively. The normal group and the model group were intragastrically administered with normal saline in equal volumes， and the dexamethasone group was intraperitoneally injected with dexamethasone phosphate injection of 30 mg·kg^-1 for 21 days. An ALI mouse model induced by LPS was constructed， and hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， immunofluorescence staining， and blood routine were used to detect pathological damage of lung tissue and blood cell content. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were used to detect the expression levels of various inflammatory factors. Changes in gut microbiota and plasma differential metabolites in mice were detected using 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. ResultCompared with the model group， the lung tissue lesions of ALI mice were significantly improved after IOP administration， and the spleen and thymus index were dramatically increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The ratio of wet-to-dry weight of lung tissue was sensibly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the number of lymphocytes was substantially increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The number of neutrophils was markedly decreased （P<0.01）. The expression level of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-8 （IL-8）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）， and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 （NLRP3） decreased prominently （P<0.05， P<0.01） and the expression level of interleukin-10 （IL-10） increased memorably （P<0.01）. The 16S rRNA sequencing results show that IOP can regulate and improve intestinal microbial disorders. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS results indicate that the treatment of ALI mice with IOP may involve pathways related to mitochondrial， sugar， and amino acid metabolism， such as nucleotide sugar metabolism， histidine metabolism， ubiquinone， and other terpenoid compound-quinone biosynthesis， as well as starch and sucrose metabolism. ConclusionThe improvement of lung tissue lesions and inflammatory response by IOP in ALI mice may be related to maintaining intestinal microbiota balance， regulating mitochondrial electron oxidation respiratory chain， as well as sugar and amino acid metabolism pathways， and affecting the production of related microbial metabolites and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites.

Objective:To summarize the characteristics of oral contrast ultrasound in patients with esophageal hiatal hernia (EHH), to screen the diagnostic criteria for EHH diagnosis by oral contrast ultrasound and to evaluate their diagnostic values.Methods:Sixty-one patients who visited the Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery Department of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from June 2023 to December 2023 for symptoms of acid reflux, heartburn, belching, recurrent epigastric pain, chest pain, and cough, and who were clinically suspected of EHH and underwent oral contrast ultrasound were retrospectively collected. The internal diameter of the esophageal hiatus, the length of the intraabdominal esophagus (IAEL), the angle of His, the supradiaphragmatic hernia sac, the sign of gastric wall sliding, and the sign of esophageal-gastric ring uplift were recorded by oral contrast ultrasound. All ultrasonographic data were retrospectively analyzed, and the diagnosis of EHH by surgery or with the simultaneous diagnosis of EHH by barium meal examination and gastroscopy were used as the gold standard. The diagnostic criteria of oral contrast ultrasound for EHH were obtained and their diagnostic values were evaluated by ROC curve analysis.Results:The indicators of EHH diagnosed by oral contrast ultrasound were analyzed according to ROC curves as follows: internal diameter of esophageal hiatus >15 mm (AUC=0.913), IAEL≤33 mm (AUC=0.776), angle of His > 90° (AUC=0.735), supradiaphragmatic hernia sac (AUC=0.913), gastric wall sliding sign (AUC=0.827), upward displacement of the esophagogastric ring (AUC=0.721). The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, AUC, and 95% CI of the diagnosis of EHH using the internal diameter of the esophageal hiatus >15 mm or the presence of a supradiaphragmatic hernia sac as the diagnostic criterion for the diagnosis of EHH by oral contrast ultrasound were 86.5%, 100%, 88.5%, 100%, 56.3%, 0.933, and 0.838-0.981, respectively. Conclusions:The optimal diagnostic criterion for EHH diagnosis by oral contrast ultrasound is esophageal hiatal internal diameter >15 mm or the presence of supradiaphragmatic hernia sac, which has 100% specificity and positive predictive value. It is recommended to be widely used as a screening test for EHH in the clinic.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world today, and adenocarcinoma is the most common histopathological type of lung cancer. In May 2021, World Health Organization (WHO) released the 5th edition of the WHO classification of thoracic tumors, which classifies invasive non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (INMA) into lepidic adenocarcinoma, acinar adenocarcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, solid adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma based on its histological characteristics. These five pathological subtypes differ in clinical features, treatment and prognosis. A complete understanding of the characteristics of these subtypes is essential for the clinical diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis predictions of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, including recurrence and progression. This article will review the grading system, morphology, imaging prediction, lymph node metastasis, surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy of different pathological subtypes of INMA.
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Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology* ; Adenocarcinoma/pathology* ; Prognosis ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Retrospective Studies

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasound contrast agent enema (UCAE) for anastomotic leakage (AL) after rectal cancer surgery.Methods:From January 2020 to December 2022, a total of 95 patients with presacral fluid collection after rectal cancer surgery in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University who received perineal ultrasound (PNUS) and UCAE were retrospectively selected. Among them, 70 patients (73.3%) were diagnosed with AL.After PNUS scanning, all patients received a diluted ultrasound contrast agent administered through the rectum. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to compare the accuracies of PNUS, UCAE, CT, MRI and water-soluble contrast enema in the diagnosis of AL. Factors that may have impacts on the sensitivity of UCAE were thoroughly analyzed.Results:UCAE improved the consistency (Kappa value: 0.757 vs 0.292, P<0.001) and accuracy (AUC: 0.893 vs 0.693, P<0.001) of PNUS in the diagnosis of AL, and its diagnostic accuracy was comparable to that of CT (AUC 0.807), MRI (AUC 0.811) and water-soluble contrast enema (AUC 0.923) (all P>0.05). For mid-to-high AL (anastomotic stoma distance ≥70 mm) and tiny AL (≤3 mm), the sensitivity of UCAE decreased significantly (anastomotic stoma position: 25.0% vs 85.5%, P=0.001; anastomotic leak diameter: 42.9% vs 87.5%, P=0.002). Conclusions:UCAE can significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy and consistency of PNUS for AL after rectal cancer surgery, and its diagnostic sensitivity is affected by the anastomotic stoma distance and the diameter of the leak.

Background: Tigecycline, eravacycline, and omadacycline are recently developed tetracyclines. Susceptibility of microbes to these tetracyclines and their molecular mechanisms have not been well elucidated. We investigated the susceptibility of Moraxella catarrhalis to tigecycline, eravacycline, and omadacycline and its resistance mechanisms against these tetracyclines. Methods: A total of 207 non-duplicate M. catarrhalis isolates were collected from different inpatients. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the tetracyclines were determined by broth microdilution. Tigecycline-, eravacycline-, or omadacycline-resistant isolates were induced under In Vitro pressure. The tet genes and mutations in the 16S rRNA was detected by PCR and sequencing. Results: Eravacycline had a lower MIC50 (0.06 mg/L) than tigecycline (0.125 mg/L) or omadacycline (0.125 mg/L) against M. catarrhalis isolates. We found that 136 isolates (65.7%) had the tetB gene, and 15 (7.2%) isolates were positive for tetL; however, their presence was not correlated with high tigecycline, eravacycline, or omadacycline ( ≥ 1 mg/L) MICs.Compared with the initial MIC after 160 days of induction, the MICs of tigecycline or eravacycline against three M. catarrhalis isolates increased ≥ eight-fold, while those of omadacycline against two M. catarrhalis isolates increased 64-fold. Mutations in the 16S rRNA genes (C1036T and/or G460A) were observed in omadacycline-induced resistant isolates, and increased RR (the genes encoding 16SrRNA (four copies, RR1-RR4) copy number of 16S rRNA genes with mutations was associated with increased resistance to omadacycline. Conclusions Tigecycline, eravacycline, and omadacycline exhibited robust antimicrobial effects against M. catarrhalis. Mutations in the 16S rRNA genes contributed to omadacycline resistance in M. catarrhalis.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of microRNA-19(miR-19)and microRNA-21(miR-21)in elderly patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma(DTC), and to analyze the relationship of miR-19 and miR-21 expression with pathological characteristics in elderly patients with DTC.Methods:A total of ninety-six elderly DTC patients visiting our hospital from January 2015 to January 2018 were included in this retrospective study.They underwent cervical lymph node puncture biopsy and radical surgery for thyroid cancer.The expression levels of miR-21 and miR-19 were detected in lymph node tissues, thyroid cancer tissues and normal para-cancerous tissue.The differences in miR-21 and miR-19 expression levels between three different pathological tissues in elderly patients were analyzed.The correlation of miR-21 and miR-19 expression levels with different clinico-pathological features in elderly patients was observed.Results:The expression levels of miR-21 from low to high were(0.92±0.33)in para-cancerous tissue, (3.41±0.64)in lymph node tissue and(4.28±1.56)in DTC tissue respectively( F=296.683, P<0.01), the difference was statistically significant( F=296.683, P=0.01). While, there was no significant difference in the expression levels of miR-19 among different tissues( P>0.05). Spearman correlation test showed that the expression level miR-21 in DTC tissue was positively correlated with that in lymph node tissue and para-cancerous tissue( r values were 0.724, 0.801, all P<0.01), while the expression level of miR-19 showed no correlation of DTC tissues with lymph node and para-cancerous tissues( r=0.127 and 0.165, P>0.05). The expression level of miR-21 in lymph node tissue was positively correlated with that in para-cancerous tissues( r=0.705, P<0.01), but the expression level of microRNA-19 had no correlation between the two kinds of tissues( r=0.191, P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression of miR-21 in cervical lymph nodes among patients with different gender and tumor diameter( P>0.05). The expression level of miR-21 in cervical lymph nodes was significantly higher in stage Ⅲ patients than in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients( P<0.05). The expression level of microRNA-21 in cervical lymph nodes was higher in patients with extra-glandular infiltration than without extra-glandular infiltration( P<0.05). The expression of microRNA-19 in cervical lymph nodes showed no significant difference regardless of sex, tumor diameter, tumor stage, extra-thyroid invasion. Conclusions:MiR-19 may not be involved in the development of DTC in elderly patients, and microRNA-21 may play an important role in the development of DTC in elderly patients, especially in the process of tumor invasion and metastasis.Early cervical lymph node puncture for miR-21 detection helps early diagnose and evaluate DTC, to provide a basis for the choice of treatment options.

Objective    To compare and analyze the short-term efficacy of different surgical methods for Siewert type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ esophagogastric junction carcinoma. Methods    We selected 82 patients who accepted radical resection of esophagogastric junction carcinoma from March 2015 to March 2018 in our department, including 53 males and 29 females, aged 48-72 (61±6) years. The patients were divided into four groups according to the surgical method: a left thoracotomy group (n=14), a laparoscopic left small thoracotomy group (n=33), a thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis group (n=17), and a thoracoscopic McKeown group (n=18). Their clinical characteristics, operative situations, postoperative complications and survival rate were analyzed. Results    Among the four groups, the left thoracotomy group cost the shortest operation time, followed by laparoscopic left small thoracotomy group, thoracoscopic McKeown group and thoracoscopic Ivor-Lewis group. The thoracoscopic McKeown group/laparoscopic left small thoracotomy group had the least bleeding. The fewest lymph nodes were dissected in the left thoracotomy group and the most in the thoracoscopic McKeown group. The laparoscopic left small thoracotomy group had the lowest total complication rate and the incidence of pneumonia and arrhythmia among the four groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in survival rate among the four groups (P>0.05). Conclusion    For Siewert type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ esophagogastric junction carcinoma, thoracoscopy combined with laparoscopic radical resection is safe and reliable. Laparoscopic left small thoracotomy has the advantages of minimal invasiveness and complete lymph node dissection, especially for the patients with poor cardiopulmonary function, which will significantly shorten operation time and reduce postoperative complications, so it is worth to be popularized.

To assess the value of endorectal ultrasonography ( ERUS ) in predicting the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy( NCRT ) for locally advanced rectal cancer( LARC) . Methods Ninety‐nine patients with LARC received NCRT and total mesorectal excision in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed . T he maximum length and thickness of rectal tumor were measured by ERUS both before NCRT ( ERUS1 ) and after NCRT following sugery ( ERUS2 ) ,and the length and thickness reduction rate were calculated . T he patients were classified into good responder group ( n ＝ 47 ) and poor responder group( n ＝ 52 ) ,or pathological complete response ( pCR) group ( n ＝ 25 ) and non‐pCR group ( n＝74) according to pathological tumor regression grade ( T RG ) . T he differences of various parameters were compared between groups . T he correlations between these parameters and T RG grading were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis . T he ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the parameter . Results T he length and thickness of ERUS2 were significantly shorter than that of ERUS1( all P ＜0 .05) . T he length and thickness of ERUS2 in good responder group were shorter than those in poor responder group ,while the length and thickness reduction rate were higher than those in poor responder group with significant difference ( all P ＜ 0 .05 ) . T he length and thickness of ERUS2 in pCR group were shorter than those in non‐pCR group ,w hile the length and thickness reduction rate were higher than those in non‐pCR group with significant difference ( all P ＜ 0 .05 ) . T he length and thickness of ERUS2 were positively correlated with T RG grading ( r ＝ 0 .577 ,0 .605 ; all P ＜ 0 .01 ) and the length and thickness reduction rate were negatively correlated with T RG grading ( r ＝ －0 .681 ,－0 .598 ; all P ＜0 .01 ) . ROC curve showed the cut‐off value of the length and thickness reduction rate to predict good responder were 41 .34% ,46 .46% , with corresponding AUC areas of 0 .843 ,0 .796 , sensitivity of 74 .5% ,70 .2% , and specificity of 76 .9% ,80 .8% ,respectively . ROC curve showed the cut‐off value of the length and thickness reduction rate to predict pCR were 57 .36% ,58 .52% ,with corresponding AUC areas of 0 .851 and 0 .895 , sensitivity of 68 .0% ,76 .0% ,and specificity of 94 .6% ,93 .2% ,respectively . Conclusions T he changes of length and thickness of tumor after NCRT are well correlated with treatment response . T he length and thickness reduction rate measured on ERUS present high accuracy in prediction of good response and pCR in LARC patients .

Liver metastasis is the most common cause of death for patients with colorectal cancer.Surgical resection is the first choice for colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLMs),but only 10％-25％ of them are resectable.Patients with unresectable CRLMs are usually treated with systemic chemotherapy and/or local ablative therapies as alternative options.The safety and efficiency of thermal ablation therapies have been improved in recent years.The 5-year survival rate of patients underwent thermal ablation is higher than that of patients underwent chemotherapy for treating CRLMs.A consensus for thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastasis was provided by international experts panel on 2013.The recommendations and indications of thermal ablation for CRLMs were considered and documented according to the literature review based on radiofrequency ablation with long-term follow-up.The main content of the consensus from international experts for thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastasis were reviewed in this article.

Osteosarcoma is a clinically common primary malignant bone tumor.Its treatment is still not ideal because of the high de-gree of malignancy and early metastasis.Understanding the molecular mechanism and the biological characteristics of malignant os-teosarcoma,and exploring the effective treatment have become the focus of osteosarcoma research at home and abroad.A long non-coding RNA,lncRNA,is involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions and plays an important role in the development of osteosarcoma.Recently,lncRNA has been increasingly reported in osteosarcoma research.It has been found to affect the proliferation, invasion,and migration of osteosarcoma cells by interacting with proteins,mRNAs,and miRNAs.This article reviews the research on ln-cRNA based on recent reports regarding its role in the molecular mechanism of osteosarcoma.