PURPOSE: This study reviewed the common conditions associated with displacement of inferior alveolar nerve canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: General search engines and specialized databases including Google Scholar, Pub Med, Pub Med Central, Science Direct, and Scopus were used to find relevant studies by using keywords such as “mandibular canal”, “alveolar canal”, “inferior alveolar nerve canal”, “inferior dental canal”, “inferior mandibular canal” and “displacement”. RESULTS: About 120 articles were found, of which approximately 70 were broadly relevant to the topic. We ultimately included 37 articles that were closely related to the topic of interest. When the data were compiled, the following 8 lesions were found to have a relationship with displacement of mandibular canal: radicular/residual cysts, dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, ameloblastoma, central giant cell granuloma, fibrous dysplasis, and cementossifying fibroma. CONCLUSION: When clinicians encounter a lesion associated with displaced mandibular canal, they should first consider these entities in the differential diagnosis. This review would help dentists make more accurate diagnoses and develop better treatment plans according to patients' radiographs.
Ameloblastoma ; Aneurysm ; Bone Cysts ; Dentigerous Cyst ; Dentists ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fibroma ; Granuloma, Giant Cell ; Humans ; Mandibular Nerve ; Odontogenic Cysts ; Odontogenic Tumors ; Search Engine

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of odontogenic cysts, tumors, and other lesions among reports in the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Faculty of Dentistry affiliated with Kocaeli University collected over a four-year period.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, patient records from the archive of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery from 2014 to 2018 were reviewed. Patient demographic information (age and sex) and lesion location were recorded and analyzed.RESULTS: From a total of 475 files reviewed, odontogenic cyst was confirmed in 340 cases (71.6%), and odontogenic tumor was confirmed in 52 cases (10.9%). Regarding odontogenic cyst type, the most common was radicular cyst (216 cases), followed by dentigerous cyst (77 cases) and odontogenic keratocyst (23 cases). Among odontogenic tumors, the most frequent was odontoma (19 cases), followed by ossifying fibroma (18 cases) and ameloblastoma (9 cases). Giant cell granuloma was also reported in 35 cases.CONCLUSION: The distribution pattern of odontogenic cysts and tumors in our retrospective study is relatively similar to that reported in the literature. Complete clinical reports for final diagnosis of these lesions and routine follow-up examinations are very important for treatment.
Ameloblastoma ; Archives ; Biopsy ; Dentigerous Cyst ; Dentistry ; Diagnosis ; Fibroma, Ossifying ; Follow-Up Studies ; Granuloma, Giant Cell ; Humans ; Jaw Neoplasms ; Odontogenic Cysts ; Odontogenic Tumors ; Odontoma ; Prevalence ; Radicular Cyst ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgery, Oral

Extra-articular tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TS-GCT) in retropharyngeal space is a rare case. We found only two case reports in the literature, in which one was located in retropharynx or prevertebral space of the cervical spine. We describe a rare case of TS-GCT in the retropharynx, which was initially misdiagnosed as oropharyngeal cancer. Furthermore, we want to assure that extraarticular diffuse type TS-GCT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions showing low signal intensity in MRI scan.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Giant Cells ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms ; Spine

PURPOSE: Clear cell chondrosarcoma may have a benign appearance even on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hence, it can be confused with benign bone tumors, such as a giant cell tumor or chondroblastoma. The aim of our study was to document the doctorassociated diagnostic errors in patients with clear cell chondrosarcoma and oncologic outcomes of these lesions, which were misdiagnosed as benign bone tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 10 patients who were diagnosed with and treated for clear cell chondrosarcoma between January 1996 and December 2014. One patient was excluded due to insufficient clinical data. We then reviewed their data regarding age, gender, symptom onset, tumor location, initial imaging diagnosis, and associated previous treatment. We examined the errors of surgeons and pathologists with respect to patient and tumor characteristics. We also analyzed treatment delay, time to local recurrence, metastasis, follow-up duration, and the oncologic outcome. RESULTS: The initial presumptive diagnosis based on MRIs for all 9 patients was benign bone tumor. Among 8 patients who underwent inappropriate procedure, half of them were diagnosed as clear cell chondrosarcoma immediately after the curettage. As for the remaining 4 patients, the surgeon did not send any tissue samples to a pathologist for a definite diagnosis in three patients and a pathologist made an incorrect diagnosis in one patient. We performed an appropriate surgery on all patients with a wide surgical margin. The average treatment delay was 27 months (range, 0–127 months), and the average follow-up duration was 65 months (range, 13–164 months). One patient had local recurrence after 12 months. Metastatic disease developed in 2 patients with a median time to definitive treatment of 24 months (12–37 months). Ten-year overall survival of patients with clear cell chondrosarcoma was 78%, and two patients died due to disease progression. CONCLUSION: Misdiagnosis of clear cell chondrosacroma as a benign bone tumor is not uncommon, even for experienced orthopaedic oncologists, resulting in definite curative surgery without biopsy. An inappropriate primary treatment may increase the risk of local recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, a proper subsequent surgery is mandatory for patients with clear cell chondrosarcoma who received inadvertent curettage.
Biopsy ; Chondroblastoma ; Chondrosarcoma ; Curettage ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Errors ; Disease Progression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Surgeons

Mandibular bone depression, also known as Stafne bone cavity, is defined as a bone depression filled mainly with salivary gland tissue. Parotid gland bone defects are infrequently observed. We report the case of a 52-year-old male patient who underwent radiographic examinations due to temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and a radiolucent area was detected in the mandibular ramus, with a provisional diagnosis of traumatic bone cyst or parotid mandibular bone defect. The patient was then referred for magnetic resonance imaging, which demonstrated a hyperintense area eroding the mandibular ramus, which corresponded to glandular tissue. Although the defect was a benign lesion, radiolucencies in the mandibular ramus lead to concerns among professionals, because their radiographic features can resemble various intrabony neoplastic lesions, such as giant cell tumors or benign tumors of the parotid gland.
Bone Cysts ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parotid Gland ; Radiography, Panoramic ; Salivary Glands ; Temporomandibular Joint

We report a case of tenosynovial giant cell tumor with severe bone erosion in the right fifth finger of a 46-year-old man. Throughout this case review, we describe the imaging findings of tenosynovial giant cell tumor with severe bone erosion and review the literatures regarding osseous lesions caused by tenosynovial giant cell tumor and their significance related to the differential diagnosis and patient treatment.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Fingers* ; Giant Cell Tumors* ; Giant Cells* ; Hand ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged

PURPOSE: To report a case of primary conjunctival giant cell tumor (GCT). CASE SUMMARY: A 67-year-old female visited our clinic with the chief complaint of a 10-year-history of conjunctival mass in the left eye. The patient had no marked changes in the mass size, and her visual acuity and intraocular pressure were within the normal range. The protruding conjunctival mass invaded the limbal area at the 8 o’clock direction in the left eye and was 5 × 4 × 2 mm in size. Moreover, the pink-colored mass had a lobulated shape with a well-defined margin. In the adjacent mass region, concurrent presence of the conjunctival injection was observed. However, the patient did not exhibit pain or tenderness. We performed wide excision of the conjunctival mass concomitantly with amniotic membrane transplantation. Then, histopathological examinations and immunohistochemical staining of the surgical site were performed. On histopathology, the patient had findings suggestive of GCT. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was positive for CD68 and vimentin. leading to the final diagnosis of GCT. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first case of GCT of the conjunctiva, which has not been described in the literature. Our case highlights the importance of differential diagnosis from other protuberant conjunctival tumors. A complete removal of GCT of the conjunctiva and a recovery of aesthetic outcomes can be achieved by surgical excision of the mass.
Aged ; Amnion ; Conjunctiva ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Giant Cell Tumors* ; Giant Cells* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intraocular Pressure ; Reference Values ; Vimentin ; Visual Acuity

OBJECTIVE: The treatment of giant cell tumor (GCT) is mainly performed surgically. However, GCT in spine seems difficult to treat because of the limited surgical accessibility and proximity. In this report, we analyzed the outcome of GCT treatment in spine. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2012, 19 patients received treatment for GCT in spine. Median age at their first diagnosis was 31 years, 10 patients were male, and 9 female. Fourteen tumors were located in the sacrum, 1 in cervical, 1 in thoracic and 3 in lumbar spine. As primary treatment, gross total removal (GTR) was done in 6 patients, and subtotal removal (STR) in 13 patients. Radiation therapy (RT) as an adjuvant therapy was performed in 2 cases in GTR group and 10 cases in STR group. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 7 patients had local recurrence (36.8%). The average period until recurrence after primary treatment was 14 months. No recurrence was detected in GTR group. Recurrence was noted in 7 out of 13 patients who underwent STR. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.024). A median of recurrence free period (RFP) was 84 months. Also average RFP of the RT group was 112 months, and non-RT group was 65 months. These differences were statistically significant (p=0.041). CONCLUSION: Treatment of choice for GCT in spine is a complete removal of tumor without neurological deficits. In case of incomplete removal, radiation therapy may be a useful adjuvant treatment modality.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Giant Cell Tumors* ; Giant Cells* ; Humans ; Male ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Sacrum ; Spine*

Ulnar tunnel syndrome (UTS) is a compressive neuropathy of the upper extremity that shows various clinical symptoms according to the anatomic region of the compression site. Numerous factors may cause UTS, and most publications are case reports describing various etiologies; thus, obtaining a correct diagnosis is often challenging. Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is well described to be a common benign soft tissue tumor of the hand; however, it is rarely reported to cause UTS. We report a case of GCTTS in Guyon's canal causing UTS that was misdiagnosed as handlebar palsy.
Diagnosis ; Giant Cell Tumors* ; Giant Cells* ; Hand ; Paralysis* ; Tendons* ; Ulnar Nerve Compression Syndromes ; Ulnar Neuropathies ; Upper Extremity

In this retrospective study, surgical results of four patients with sacral tumors having disparate pathologic diagnoses, who were treated with partial or total sacrectomy and lumbopelvic stabilization were abstracted. Two patients were treated with partial sacral resection and two patients were treated with total sacrectomy and spinopelvic fixation. Fixation methods included spinopelvic fixation with rods and screws in two cases, reconstruction plate in one case, and fresh frozen allografts in two cases. Fibular allografts used for reconstruction accelerated bony union and enhanced the stability in two cases. Addition of polymethyl methacrylate in the cavity in the case of a giant cell tumor had a positive stabilizing effect on fixation. As a result, we can conclude that mechanical instability after sacral resection can be stabilized securely with lumbopelvic fixation and polymethyl methacrylate application or addition of fresh frozen allografts between the rods can augment the stability of the reconstruction.
Allografts ; Diagnosis* ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Humans ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Retrospective Studies