Background: Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in many food products, thus confers various health benefits to humans when they are frequently consumed in adequate amounts. Aim: To determine the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the growth of tomatoes. Materials and Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were cultured using the Lactobacillus medium from whipping cream and Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) and identified using the MALDI-TOF MS automated microbial identification analyzer. A solution was prepared using Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolated from whipping cream and Lactobacillus gasseri isolated from Dandelion (10^7CFU/ml), and sterilized tomato seeds were watered for 10 days with the solution, while sterilized distilled water was used as a control. The germination rate of the seeds and the root length were measured and recorded every day. Results: The solution of L.delbrueckii bacteria isolated from cream germinated 100% of the seeds, which is 4% higher than the control seeds, while the solution of L.gasseri bacteria isolated from Dandelion germinated 100%, supporting 4% higher than the control seeds. Seedlings irrigated with the L.delbrueckii bacterial solution exhibited an average length of 10.3cm, which was 1.3cm longer than the control (P=0.003), indicating a statistically significant difference. Similarly, those treated with the L.gasseri solution had an average length of 11.5cm, 2.5cm longer than the control (P=0.005), also demonstrating statistical significance. Conclusion The application of the lactic acid bacterial solution significantly enhanced both the germination of tomato seeds and the growth of the plants compared to the control solution.

Background: The following ancient medical book currently known to us is relatively detailed about ring srel. Herein: a handwritten sutra by Darmo maaramba Luvsanchoidog called “legs bshad be ed’u dkar po’i ‘phreng ba zhes bya ba bzhugs so”. However, there is no academic research on the medicinal use of this supreme precious medicine ring srel in Mongolia. Therefore, we have chosen this topic to make it possible to use the written medical scriptures and woodblock books written about ring srel for research and training, especially to explain and interpret the supreme precious medicine in detail. Purpose: We will study the facts about ring srel in Darmo maaramba Luvsanchoidog’s “ legs bshad be ed’u dkar po’i ‘phreng ba zhes bya ba bzhugs so” manuscript, enrich it with information about ring srel in other ancient medical books, and explain some words. Conclusion Supreme precious medicine is a word that means ring srel in Tibetan, a relic in English or whitish, pill-like stuff from cremation residues, and sharil or chandar (cremains) in Mongolian. There are four categories of ring srel: Body ring srel, hair, and nails ring srel, mustard seed-like ring srel and dharma body ring srel. There are five colors of the ring srel: white from bones, red from flesh, blue from yellow water, gold from skin so on. If we distinguish each of its uses, from the medical point of view: Demons and evil spirits, all diseases can not be attacked and not harmed, and from the ritual point of view: it is said that everything you wish to do by keeping it on your body and wearing it on your body will come true.

This article provides an overview of the clinical evidence of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Herbs involved in drug interactions – or that have been evaluated in pharmacokinetic trials – are discussed in this review. While many of the interactions reported are of limited clinical significance and many herbal products (echinacea, valerian) seem to expose patients to minor risk under conventional pharmacotherapy, a few herbs, notably St. John’s wort, may provoke adverse events sufficiently serious about endangering the patient’s health. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant for potential interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs, especially when drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are used. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) extracts are widely used as a safe alternative to conventional antidepressant drugs for mild to moderate forms of depressive disorders. St. John’s wort represents the herbal product that is most involved in herb-to drug interactions. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the clinical data regarding the E2 interactions between herbal remedies and prescribed drugs. For patients on prescription medications, the concomitant use of herbal medications can cause serious and adverse effects. It is the responsibility of health professionals to be well informed about the clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions.

Background: Induction of labor is a procedure performed to prevent maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The effects of birth control pills on babies are still controversial. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare the effects of oxytocin and misoprostol on fetal blood gas parameters. Aim: To compare the effects of misoprostol and oxytocin used in labor induction on umbilical cord blood parameters Materials and methods: We conducted this study among mothers who gave birth in the NICU, according to the inclusion criteria, a control group (n=30), misoprostol alone vaginally (n=30) and oxytocin drip alone (n= 30) and oxytocin with misoprostol group (n=30) 4 groups used 100 mothers were selected respectively. Umbilical artery blood was sampled and umbilical artery blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, and VE (blood base excess) parameters were measured in the laboratory. The umbilical cord blood acid-alkaline parameters and lactate levels were analyzed and evaluated using COBAS C311 and COBAS B221 instruments. It was compared and determined using SPSS26 and EXCEL programs. Results: The average age of all mothers included in the study was 27.87±6.12, the average gestation period was 39.6±0.7 weeks, and the average weight of the newborn was 3466±323 gr. The average umbilical cord blood pH value was 7.34±0.04 in the control group, 7.25±0.07 in the oxytocin group, 7.27±0.04 in the misoprostol group, and 7.24±0.04 in the oxytocin and misoprostol group. And lactate valie was 5.8 in the control group, 7.5 in the oxytocin group, 9.87 in the misoprostol group, 8.7 in the combined group. Conclusions Compared to the group that did not use labor-inducing drugs, the mean pH of umbilical cord blood and lactate level were higher or statistically significant in the 3 groups that used labor-inducing drugs, indicating that birth-inducing drugs affect the umbilical cord blood parameters.

“Tanjur” is the greatest sutra written on thick Chinese muutuu paper with red nature dust paint size 22,7 x 71,8 cm and has 107839 pages. It is the largest collection of ten great and small sciences (philosophy, technology, logic, medicine, philology, astrology, model dance, poetics, Abhidarma, and composition) created by ancient Indian and Tibetan scientists and panditas. The Mongolian dust paint printed Tanjur had been translated from Tibetan into Mongolian by over 200 translators under the supervision of reincarnated Janjaa Rolbiidorj and Shireet Luvsandambiinyam between 1741 and 1742 and had been printed in Beijing between 1742 and 1749.
To print “Mongolian Tanjur” from blocks, 2160.9 ounces of silver were used. The “Mongolian Tanjur” contains 8 Indian Ayurvedic medical books. As a result of this research, we have briefly explained each of the 8 Ayurvedic medical books. Namely:
1. “One Hundred Medical Preparations” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
2. “Medical Advice for Longevity” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
3. “Ritual Ava Medicine” composed by Nagarjuna Acharya,
4. “Essence of Eight Branches” written by master Vagbhata,
5. “An Explanation of Medical Practices called “The Essence of the Eight Branches” written by master Vagbhata,
6. “A Commentary on the Essence of the Eight Branches called Rays of Moonlight on the Meaning of the Words” written by the Kashmiri Candranandana,
7. “Lexicon of Medical Terms from the Commentary on the Essence of Eight Branches” written by the Kashmiri Candranandana and
8.“A powerful healer to treats all diseases and promotes physical strength” written by Sivadasa.
Ayurveda is perceived as one of the most ancient and well-documented systems of medicine, equally relevant in modern times. Its holistic approach, whether for healthy individuals or diseased ones, remains unparalleled. Prevention of disease and promotion of health are the main objectives of Ayurveda. Ayurveda is an ancient medicine system of the Indian subcontinent. It is said to have originated in India about 5000 years back. The word Ayurveda is a conjugation of two Sanskrit words, “ayus,” meaning “life,” and “Veda,” meaning “science,” thus, it literally means the 'science of life. Unlike other medicinal systems, Ayurveda focuses more on healthy living than the treatment of diseases.

Introduction: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant public health and economic issue worldwide, affecting both developed and developing countries. Our research has been motivated by the increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, A.baumannii, and K. pneumonia in recent years. Goal: To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogens isolated from wound infection and to detect its multidrug resistance. Material and Method: Samples were collected from patients with wound infections. Pathogens were identified by using the traditional culture methods and the API system with serotypes determined phenotypically. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion method and the MIC to analyse antibiotic resistance. Results: In the study, among 11,221 recorded cases of wound infections in 2023, bacterial pathogens were detected and identified at the species level in 10,339 cases (92.1%).
For identification results showed that A. baummannii were detected from 138 cases (1.3%), 216 cases (2.08%) of Ps. aeruginosa, 5 cases (0.04%) of B. cepacia, 1,383 cases (13.4%) of Enterobacteriaceae, 205 cases (2.0%) of Enterococcus spp., 8,329 cases (80.5%) of Staphylococcus spp., and 63 cases (0.6%) of Streptococcus spp.
Antibiotic susceptibility of these bacteria was assessed and determined multidrug resistance. We found the followings: For A. baumannii were resistant with MDR in 68 cases (49.3%), MRSA in 4,243 cases (51.1%), MDRSta. aureus in 1,805 cases (29.4%), VRE in 34 cases (16.5%), ESBL in 4.6%, KPC in 26 cases (11.1%), FRNF in 24 cases (11.6%), and CRPA in 13 cases (6.3%). Conclusion
1. Of all wound infections reported in 2023 in 92.1% there were detected pathogenic bacteria, of which S.aureus were in 80.5% and E. coli was in 13.4%
2. 60.7% of the pathogenic bacteria detected in wound infections were multidrug-resistant, with MRSA accounting for 51.1% and MDR A.baumannii accounting for 49.3%, indicating high antimicrobial resistance(AMR).

Introduction: According to the manuscript “Imperially commissioned complete record of the body”, the study was selected to clarify the name of the plant, as it is difficult to recognize and translate the medicinal raw materials directly from Manchu, Tibetan, Chinese, Latin, and Sanskrit into Uighur and Mongolian scripts. Methods: We conducted our research using hermeneutic, verification, and checklist methods. Results: “Imperially commissioned complete record of the body” scripture is a rare book based on European anatomical works that combine Western and Eastern medical knowledge. There is reason to believe that European medicine in Mongolia was a witness to the spread of the anthropology of the human body.
It is clear from the 6 books that the two volumes are based on the basic tenets of Indian and Chinese medicine, Buddhist philosophy, and the teachings of the five elements and yin-yang. The study included “Ingredients for Correcting Anxiety”, “Ingredients for Correcting Heart Attack,” and “Ingredients for Correcting Depression”. These three ingredients were the basis of the recipes of Oriental medicine in the European medical books. Comparing the taste, potency, and action of all selected medicinal raw materials using traditional medicine, such as “The quintessence Tantras of Tibetan Medicine” and other books, it is clear that the classical European medical tradition differs from the modern medical classification. Conclusion “Imperially commissioned complete record of the body” manuscript is a documentary scripture used by Mongolian shepherds and herdsmen on the achievements of European medicine, free from religious traditions and taboos. In addition, there found 18 traditional medicinal plants and 7 types of animal medicines used in heart disease.

Background: Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children around the world. Annually, it’s estimated about total of 120 million cases of pneumonia occur in children under the age of five around the world and about 2 million of them end in mortality. In 2017, respiratory diseases constituted 31.3% of all diseases in children under the age of five in Ulaanbaatar city. 268 cases of respiratory diseases occur in every 1000 children, making it the leading disease in children of that age group. Sonographic examination has several advantages including lack of radiation, accessibility, portable (can easily bring it next to the patient’s bed), cost effective, and can be used repeatedly on the patients. To our knowledge, currently in Mongolia, there are no published research materials on sonographic examination in children with pneumonia. Given, the lack of study, increased rate of pneumonia and advantages of ultrasonographic, the present study was performed to detect lung ultrasound sign of pneumonia and determine the specificity and sensitivity of lung ultrasound and X-ray. Methods: The study used cross-sectional studies of analytical study. 379 inpatient children aged between 1 month to 14 years old who are in the children’s hospital of Bayangol district between 1st of September 2019 to 1st of December 2019 participated in the study. Procedures included collection of questionnaires from the parents or the guardians, random collection of data from the patients’ history, and assessment of results from ultrasound and X-ray examination. The study used Stata software to analyze the statistics. Results: 56% or 210 cases showed decreased echogenicity in the ultrasound examination. Incorporated B line sign (р=0.001),, decreased echogenicity in the consolidation (р=0.001), and presence air positive bronchus (р=0.001), are shown to the major sign of pneumonia in ultrasound examination. Conclusions In pneumonia, following signs are present in lung ultrasound: Unilateral B-lines, consolidation, hypoechoic, irregular shaped consolidation, positive air bronchogramm sign in lung. From the results of our research, we discovered diagnosis sensitivity of pneumonia in ultrasound is 85%, specificity of pneumonia in ultrasound is 87%, sensitivity of pneumonia in Х ray is 78%, specificity of pneumonia in Х ray is 84%.

Introduction: Humans are exposed to aflatoxins by consuming foods contaminated with products of fungal growth. Aflatoxin is associated with both acute and chronic toxicity in humans including acute liver damage, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancers. The risk of liver cancer in individuals exposed to chronic HBV infection and aflatoxin is up to 30 times greater than the risk in individuals exposed to aflatoxin (Groopman JD, Kensler TW, Wild CP, 2008). Thus, we aimed to assess the awareness regarding aflatoxins in individuals exposed to B virus infection. Goal: To assess the knowledge regarding aflatoxin for individuals exposed to B virus infection. Materials and Methods: In order to study the knowledge of subjects exposed to B virus infection regarding aflatoxins, information from 308 individuals who agreed to participate in this survey was collected through by 11 different questions, and data analysis taken in 308 subjects’ information. Result: In the total subjects studied, 175 were female and 133 were male. One and three percent of the participants had no formal schooling, 8.8% completed college, 53.3% had a secondary education, 36.6% had university education level.
By the results, 88.4% out of 309 individuals had no head about aflatoxin. All 309 individuals had answered to the questions “What are the aflatoxins“. Eighty three and nine percent out of 309 individuals said did not know. Also they answered to the questions “How is aflatoxin produces“. Eighty and three percent out of 305 individuals said did not know. Also, 291 participants answered to the questions “Does it produce in foods“. Fifty one and sex percent said “No”. Furthermore, 296 participants had answered to the questions “Does it produce in grain foods“. Fifty three and seven percent said did not know. Also, all of 303 participants answered to the questions “How is aflatoxin harmful to human health“. Seventy one and sex percent said did not know. Conclusion Findings of this survey indicated that the awareness regarding aflatoxin was poor and inadequate in studied individuals. Therefore, this survey results shows that the importance on the raising the awareness of aflatoxin in individuals exposed to B virus infection.

Abstract: In recent years, the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine has been developing significantly. However, there are few research papers on Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation written by foreign researchers in ancient times. Therefore, the study was carried out to fill this “gap” and to clarify the ancient works of foreign researchers related to Mongolian pharmacology and development of pharmaceutical formulation. Purpose of the study: To chronologically identify the early works of foreign researchers on the study of pharmacology and pharmaceutical formulation of traditional Mongolian medicine. Research method: Hermeneutic approach, analysis of ancient textbook, and analysis and synthesis methods were used. Conclusion According to facts and eyewitnesses in the book of Zhouhou Beijifang (Emer- gency Prescriptions) by Ge Hong (261-341) of the Jin Dynasty, Jingui Yaolüe (Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet) by Chang Ji, the Northern Han Dynasty’s notes on “Xiongnu Doctors Carry Toxic Drugs”, Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Rashid-ad-Din, William de Rubruck’s “Journey to the Orient”, and book of Plano Carpini, an Italian tourist, the development of pharmacology and pharmaceuticals in traditional Mongolian medicine dates back to the Xiongnu period. Later, in the fourteenth century, it became an independent system of medical knowledge of many nations, as evidenced by the writings of Chinese, Persian, French, and Italian scholars as well as religious envoys.