Objective Intracranial hemorrhage(ICH),the second most common subtype of stroke,exacerbates the disruption of the blood-brain barrier(BBB),leading to vasogenic edema,plasma protein extravasation,and infiltration of neurotoxic substances.The clearance capacity of the brain plays a crucial role in maintaining BBB homeostasis and facilitating patient recovery after hemorrhage.This study aimed to investigate the effect of circadian rhythms on BBB function,neuronal damage,and clearance capabilities. Methods The transwell model and hemoglobin were co-cultured to simulate the BBB environment after ICH.After intervention with different light groups,neuronal apoptosis was determined,glial phagocytosis was analyzed,the expression of endogenous clearing-related proteins aquaporin 4(AQP4)and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1(LRP1)was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence dual standard method,and the expression of the tight junction protein occludin and melatonin receptor 1A(MTNR1A)was quantitatively analyzed. Results Circadian rhythms play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB,reducing oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage,and improving microglial phagocytosis.Meanwhile,the expression of occludin and MTNR1A in neurovascular unit(NVU)co-cultured with hemoglobin improved the expression of AQP4 and LRP1,the key proteins in the NVU's endogenous brain clearance system. Conclusion Circadian rhythm(alternating black and white light)protects the NVU BBB function after ICH,promotes the expression of proteins related to the clearance of the hematoma,provides new evidence for the clinical treatment of patients recovering from ICH,and improves the circadian rhythm to promote brain metabolism and hematoma clearance.

Objective With the aging of the population and the deepening of research on neuropsychiatric disor-ders,cognitive impairment has become a hot focus in the field of neuroscience in recent years.The successful establish-ment and evaluation of appropriate animal models are crucial for conducting experimental research.At present,rodent models have been widely used in basic and medicine research due to their high genetic homology with humans,fast repro-duction,and easy accessibility.This article provides a systematical summary and preliminary discussions about the evalu-ation methods for rodent cognitive impairment models,aiming to provide a reference for the selection of model evaluation methods.

Intracranial arterial dolichoectasia, also known as dilated cerebral artery disease, is characterized by an increase in the length and diameter of at least one intracranial artery, and the involved intracranial arteries enlarge and dilate. Cerebral small vessel disease mainly refers to diseases caused by small vessel lesions in the brain. It is usually used to describe a series of imaging changes of white matter and subcortical gray matter, including recent subcortical small infarction, lacuna, white matter hyperintensity, enlarged perivascular space, cerebral microhemorrhage, and cerebral atrophy. Recently, more and more studies have shown that there is a certain correlation between intracranial arterial dolichoectasia and cerebral small vessel diseases.

Object:To create a practicable and valid scale used to evaluate postgraduate tutors in medical universities.The scale will be applied to tutor evaluation in order to activate the tutors in their responsibility for postgraduate education.Method:Some mature scales and questionnaires offered by some oversea'universities such as University of Michigan were offered for reference.The scale designed for tutor evaluation in medical universities was applied to evaluate most of the master tutors in Capital Medical University.All of the data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5,and the scale was modified according to the results of statistic analysis.Conclusion:The modified scale showed satisfactory reliability and validity.

There are many factors which can affect the quality of graduate student education,such as management,tutors,and individuals,which are usually the main aspects.Scientific management is the essential factor for high quality of education.This article introduced the experiences of graduate education in Capital Medical University,and discussed some problems which should be coped with.

With the popularization and internationalization of higher education,the quality of higher education has been more and more attented to. The article has reviewed the overseas system of evaluation of graduate education,discussed the system in China,and advanced some suggestions on self-evaluation of graduate education in China.

The paper set up a set of quality monitor measures from training important tache, beginning thesis, imposing advantage resource to strengthening practice ability to build a scientific quality monitor system for postgraduate training and ensure steadily improvement of the postgraduate training quality.

This article reviewed the experience of the reform of the graduate student course system in Capital Medical University(CCMU),which included three aspects:the reform of course setting,the reform of course management rule and the reform of course management means.Then,it gives some new opinions about the reform of course system in the future.

The author has explored the cultivation mode of medical postgraduates which fits our country need and scientifically adopted the different cultivation mode for postgratuates of different degree and level to find out the cultivation mode that suits medical postgraduate of our university and lay a good basis for cultivating excellent doctors.

Objective:To evaluate graduate student tutors in medical universities using an available scale to improve graduate education management.Method:Graduate students in Grades 2006 and 2007,who had passed thesis defense,were investigated online.The results were analyzed by statistics.Conclusion:Most of graduate students were satisfied with their tutors.The results proved very helpful for the innovation of graduate education management.