The prevalence of hepatitis B represents a significant public health concern with a heavy disease burden.In China,there is still a big gap between the current diagnosis and treatment rates of hepatitis B and the goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030 set by the World Health Organization(WHO).In order to achieve the WHO goal and the goal of 2030 Healthy China Outline,the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association organized domestic experts in the fields of clinical medicine,public health and clinical laboratory medicine to develop the Expert Recommendations on Screening,Testing and Management for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Adults after several rounds of discussion based on comprehensive review of relevant domestic and international guidelines and literatures,the purpose is to facilitate universal screening of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in adults and provide practical guidance on disease assessment,treatment and long-term follow-up management of people infected with HBV and vaccination for people susceptible to HBV infection,thus promoting the elimination of the threat of hepatitis B.

In order to achieve the target of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030 and to prioritize the role of hepatitis B vaccination in reducing new hepatitis B virus infections,the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association commissioned experts to develop the Expert Recommendations on Hepatitis B Vaccination in Adults to scientifically guide adult hepatitis B vaccination,build the herd immunity in population,and reduce the hepatitis B virus infection rate and incidence of hepatitis B.

IntroductionTo validate the effect of ethylene oxide sterilization of disposable electronic analgesia infusion pumps and determine the residual amount. MethodsAccording to ISO 11135：2014 Sterilization of Healthcare Products⁃Ethylene Oxide⁃Requirements for the Development， Validation and Routine Control of Sterilization Process for Medical Devices， qualification of physical cycle performance and microbial cycle performance were conducted on disposable electronic analgesia infusion pumps， and sterilization effect was then validated by using sterility test. According to ISO 10993⁃7：2008 Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices—Part 7： ethylene oxide sterilization residuals， the residual amount of ethylene oxide were further measured. ResultsThe sterilization effect fulfilled the requirements under the physical conditions of 38.0‒45.4 ℃ and 46%‒81% humidity. When the temperature was lower than 35 ℃ and the humidity was higher than 71%， the bacterial tablets remained fully activated after the sterilization with ethylene oxide. The shortest survival time without biological indicator after exposure to ethylene oxide was 8h. Furthermore， the residual amount of ethylene oxide after the sterilization was lower than the minimum detection limit. ConclusionAll tested products are sterilized. Sterilization equipment and sterilization process fulfilled the requirements of ISO 11135：2014. Additionally， the sterilization residual amount conforms to the limit values of ISO 10993⁃7：2008.

With characteristics of high infectivity, diverse transmission routes and high variation, norovirus is the main pathogen of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, resulting in a serious disease burden. This paper summarizes the latest progress in epidemiological research of norovirus infection from aspects of disease burden caused by acute gastroenteritis, virus variation and predominant strains, prevention and control measures, and immunization and vaccine development

Objective:To evaluate the risk factors related to the mid-term outcomes of hip preserving surgery for early stages osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) basing on China-Japan Friendship Hospital (CJFH) classification system.Methods:From June 2012 to September 2016, there were consecutive 325 patients (432 hips) were enrolled and divided into different preserving surgery groups, namely core decompression (CD) group 141 hips and "lightbulb" operation (LB) group 291 hips, respectively. Harris hip score (HHS) was used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. The progression of ONFH was observed by radiography. Clinical failure was defined as worsen of HHS and/or radiographic evaluation. Clinical endpoint events were marked as significant hip pain (HHS<70), and/or collapse of the femoral head requiring further interventions. Potential risk factors, including sex, age, etiology, the duration from symptom onset to treatment, preoperative CJFH type, ARCO stage and HHS, were analyzed using univariate risk analysis and Cox regression multivariate risk model.Results:The rate of hip failure was 47.5% (67/141) in CD group, including type C+M 13.0% (3/23), L1 38.1% (24/63), L2 82.4% (14/17) and L3 68.4% (26/38), respectively. There was significant difference in age (χ 2=3.887, P=0.049), type of CJFH (χ 2=40.943, P=0.000) in CD group. The Cox regression analysis revealed that age≥40 ( HR=2.325, 95% CI 1.398, 3.866, P=0.000), pre-HHS 70-80 ( HR=2.163, 95% CI 1.140, 4.105, P=0.018) and <70 ( HR=2.597, 95% CI 1.173, 5.749, P=0.019), type L2 ( HR=35.052, 95% CI 7.721, 159.133, P=0.000) and L3 ( HR=13.242, 95% CI 3.104, 56.491, P=0.000) were associated with failure of core decompression. The rate of hip failure was 36.4%(106/291) in LB group, including type C+M 33.3% (1/3), L1 31.3% (41/131), L2 84.6% (22/26) and L3 32.1% (42/131), respectively. There were significant differences in age (χ 2=8.437, P=0.004), pre-HHS (χ 2=19.737, P=0.000) and type of CJFH (χ 2=29.265, P=0.000) in LB group. The Cox regression analysis showed that poor pre-HHS ( HR=5.102, 95% CI 2.339, 11.129, P=0.000), type L2 ( HR=32.761, 95% CI 6.165, 43.507, P=0.000) were associated with failure of "lightbulb" preserving surgery. Conclusion:The results of hip preserving surgery for ONFH are associated with age, preoperative HHS and CJFH typing. The prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms, the residual of weight-bearing joint surface and lateral pillar of the femoral head.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of a dengue fever outbreak in Hunan province in 2018.Methods:Real-time PCR assay was performed for the laboratory diagnosis of 8 suspected dengue fever cases. Etiological surveillance was performed in 186 suspected dengue fever cases and fever cases who had close contacts with dengue fever patients. C6/36 cells was used for the virus isolation from acute phase serum. By sequencing the full length of E genes of 15 dengue virus strains, phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the sequences obtained, including reference sequences from the NCBI GenBank database, the serotypes and gene subtypes of the virus were analyzed to trace the possible source of transmission. An emergency monitoring of vector density and a retrospective survey of sero-epidemiology in healthy population were conducted in the epidemic area.Results:In the serum samples of 8 suspected patients, 6 were dengue virus RNA positive, and 4 were NS1 antigen positive. In 186 suspected patients, 96 were dengue virus nucleic acid, NS1 antigen or antibody positive in etiological test. A total of 64 dengue virus strains were isolated. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all the dengue virus strains belonged to type 2, which might be from Guangdong or Zhejiang provinces. The Bretub index was up to 65, indicating an extremely high risk of transmission. The positive rate of the dengue virus IgG antibody was 0.53%(2/377) in retrospective survey of 377 healthy people.Conclusion:The field epidemiologic and the molecular genetics analyses showed the outbreak of dengue fever in Hunan in 2018 was caused by imported cases and dengue virus 2.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and safety of minimally invasive surfactant administration (MISA) in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS).Methods:In this multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial, 92 preterm infants with gestation age ≤30 weeks and diagnosed with NRDS were enrolled in 8 level Ⅲ neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from 1 st July 2017 to 31 st December 2018. They were randomly assigned to minimally invasive surfactant administration (MISA) group or endotracheal intubation surfactant administration (EISA) group according to random number generated by computer. Infants in both groups received calf pulmonary surfactant preparation at a dose of 70-100 mg/kg. The data of demography, perinatal situation, medication administration, complications, clinical outcomes in the two groups were compared with Chi-square test, Student′s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher′s exact test. Results:Among the 92 preterm infants, 53 were males, 39 were females; 47 were in the MISA group (25 males), and 45 were in the EISA group (28 males). The gestational age and birth weight were (29.5±1.2) weeks and (1 271±242) g in all patients, (29.5±1.4) weeks and (1 285±256) g in the MISA group, and (29.6±0.9) weeks and (1 255±227) g in the EISA group. The duration of surfactant infusion and the length of whole procedure in the MISA group were significantly longer than that in the EISA group (60 (18, 270) s vs. 50 (30, 60) s, Z=3.009, P=0.003; 90 (60, 300) s vs. 60 (44, 270) s, Z=3.365, P=0.001). For the outcomes, the incidence of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) were lower in the MISA group than in the EISA group (36% (17/47) vs. 67% (30/45), χ 2=8.556, P=0.003; 26% (12/47) vs. 47% (21/45), χ 2=4.464, P=0.035). Conclusions:Minimally invasive surfactant administration is applicable in preterm infants ≤30 weeks gestational age with NRDS. Although the length of whole procedure is longer than route endotracheal administration, the benefit of decreasing the incidences of hsPDA and BPD outweighs this demerit.

BACKGROUND: Tendon is a fibrous tissue that connects bone and muscle. The main function is to conduct stress from the muscles to the bone during exercise. Tendinopathy is a commonly seen disease, characterized by tendon inflammation, degeneration and injury. Autophagy is widely involved in the development of many degenerative diseases. The research method based on autophagy provides a new idea for tendon repair. OBJECTIVE: To review the process and regulation mechanism of autophagy, and to analyze the pathological mechanism of autophagy involved in the tendinopathy so as to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of tendinopathy. METHODS: The articles concerning autophagy and tendinopathy were retrieved by computer in CNKI, WanFang and PubMed databases. The keywords were "autophagy, tendon, fibroblast, tendinopathy" in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally, 54 articles were obtained through systematic induction and analysis after excluding the irrelevant and repetitive articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Autophagy can alleviate the damage to human tendon stem cells induced by oxidative stress. With the increase of the degree of extracellular matrix degradation in the tendon tissue, autophagic cell death occurs in the tendon cells due to excessive autophagy. Prostaglandin E2 significantly induces fibroblast death and autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. The muscle atrophy after the rotator cuff injury is regulated by autophagy. Rapamycin prevents peritendinous fibrosis through activation of autophagy. In conclusion, autophagy plays an important role in tendinopathy. Autophagy will become a new hotspot in tendinopathy. Further understanding of autophagy and its role in tendinopathy will contribute to finding a targeted autophagy pathway and provide new theoretical and methodological support for the intervention and treatment of tendinopathy.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell grafting with impacted bone grafting in treating bilateral femoral head necrosis. Methods: From January 2011 to January 2017, a total of 44 patients with bilateral femoral head necrosis (88 hips) were admitted to the Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, including 35 males and 9 females with aged 34.9±7.2 years old (ranged from 22-48 years). Core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell and impacted bone grafting were conducted to each hip joint for every patient. All patients were followed up for every 3 months at the first year postoperatively and for every 6 months thereafter. The following clinical measurement were recorded, Harris hip score (HHS), visual analogue score (VAS), the anterior-posterior and frog lateral radiographs, and CT. The 5-year survival rate of the hip was calculated with the endpoint event being defined as a need for total hip arthroplasty or other surgical intervention, or a HHS less than 70. Results: The postoperative follow-up duration was 50.5±34.2 months in the impacted bone grafting group and 54.0±33.1 months in the core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells group. Fifteen hips in the impacted bone grafting group and 13 hips in the core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell group failed during the follow-up. The 5-year cumulative survival rates of the hips in two groups were 64.7% and 72.1%, respectively [HR=1.178, 95%CI(0.561, 2.477)]. In the impacted bone grafting group, the 5-year survival rates of the hip joints at the ARCO IIIB+IIIC and IIIA stages were 42.9% and 74.2%, respectively [HR=3.258, 95%CI(1.172, 9.059)]. In the core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell group, the 5-year survival rates of hips at the ARCO stage I, II and IIIA stages were 50.0%, 75.3%, and 71.4%, respectively (χ²=0.757, P=0.685). Age, gender, BMI, preoperative HHS and etiology did not affect the effects of core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell grafting or impacted bone grafting (P>0.05). The preoperative VAS of the impacted bone grafting group and the core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell grafting group were 4.80±0.62 and 3.27±1.17, respectively (t=8.625, P<0.001). At the last follow-up, the VAS was reduced to 2.84±1.95 and 2.25±2.08, respectively (t=2.712, P=0.01; t=7.087, P<0.001) with significant difference in postoperative VAS between the two groups (t=2.489, P=0.017). The preoperative HHS of the impacted bone grafting group and the core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell grafting group were 77.02±5.03 and 82.57±5.71, respectively (t=7.822, P<0.001). At the last follow-up, the HHS increased to 81.57±12.81 and 83.55±12.87, respectively. The difference between the preoperative and postoperative HHS was statistically significant in the impacted bone grafting group (t=2.389, P=0.021) but not in the core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell grafting group (t=0.451, P=0.654). There was no significant difference in postoperative HHS between the two groups (t=1.353, P=0.183). Conclusion Both impacted bone grafting and core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell grafting are safe and effective methods in treating femoral head necrosis. The ARCO stage is a risk factor affecting the prognosis of hips after impacted bone grafting, which has no effect on the mid-term survival of hips after core decompression with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell grafting.

Amyloid deposits are one of the hallmark pathological lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). They can be visualized by thioflavin-S, silver impregnation, Congo red staining, and immunohistochemical reactions. However, that amyloid deposits generate blue autofluorescence (auto-F) has been ignored. Here, we report that visible light-induced auto-F of senile plaques (SPs) was detected and validated with conventional methods. Brain slices from APP/PS1 (amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1) transgenic mice were mounted on slides, rinsed, coverslipped and observed for details of the imaging and spectral characteristics of the auto-F of SPs. Then the slices were treated with the above classic methods for comparative validation. We found that the SP auto-F was greatest under blue-violet excitation with a specific emission spectrum, and was much easier, more sensitive, and reliable than the classic methods. Because it does not damage slices, observation of auto-F can be combined with all post-staining techniques in slices and for brain-wide imaging in AD.