Russia's post-degree medical education first appeared in the end of the 19th century and had improved along with the progress in science, technology and education. From 1990s, new waves of technology revolution and the rise of post-occupation training further pushed the post-degree medical education to move forward. Legally established post-degree education as a form of occupational education enables Russian medical professionals to constantly update knowledge and absorb new information to keep up with the new developments in medical science and technology. In this sense, post-degree medical education has become a major way to train not only medical professionals but professionals of acupuncture and moxibustion, and thus has been of great significance for TCM and acupuncture to transmit and develop in Soviet Union and Russia. This paper introduced the general situation of post-degree medical education in Russia, its influence to the transmission and development of TCM and acupuncture in Soviet Union and Russia, as well as the enlightenment to medical education.

OBJECTIVETo study the expression and clinical significance of MTDH and VEGF in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

METHODSTissue samples of 168 breast cancers (including 112 TNBC tissue and 56 non-TNBC tissue), 10 breast fibroadenomas and 15 normal breast tissues were collected. Postoperative specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry for MTDH and VEGF expression. The correlation between the expression of MTDH and VEGF and clinicopathological features was analyzed.

RESULTSMTDH and VEGF were expressed in 57.1% and 49.4% of breast cancer patients, 64.3% and 56.3% in TNBC patients, respectively, significantly higher than that in the non-TNBC tissues, breast fibroadenomas and normal breast tissues (P<0.05 for all). Statistically significant correlation was found between the MTDH and VEGF expressions (r=0.356, P<0.001). Moreover, MTDH expression was correlated with tumor size, BMI index, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, recurrence and metastasis, and the expression of p53 and Ki-67 proteins (P<0.05 for all). The VEGF protein expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis, pathological staging, recurrence and metastasis, and the expression of Ki-67 protein (P<0.05 for all). The patients with high expression of MTDH and VEGF showed a lower DFS and OS (P<0.05 for both).

CONCLUSIONSMTDH and VEGF expression may be correlated with tumor angiogenesis and progression and has the potential to be valuable prognostic factors in patients with TNBC.

Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Breast ; metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; metabolism ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Fibroadenoma ; blood supply ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Proteins ; metabolism ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Prognosis ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms ; blood supply ; metabolism ; pathology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

Objective: To explore the expression and gene amplification status of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) in the different stages of invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma. Methods:Tumor tissues from 49 patients with different stages of invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma were tested by immunohistochemical staining for HER2 and HER2 gene fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results:The number of male patients was higher than that of females. The positive rate of HER2 protein expression was higher in the patients with the higher stage of invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma. However, no gene amplification was observed in all patients. Twelve patients had ployploid chromosome 17. More ployploids were observed in the patients with the higher stage of inva-sive urothelial bladder carcinoma. Conclusion:The increase in the protein expression of HER2 in the invasive urothelial bladder carci-noma patients was not caused by gene amplification. Other transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms were probably involved in the regulation of the HER2 protein.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of C-reactive protein (CRP) on the expressions of Notch pathway components in human peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in vitro.

METHODSMononuclear cells isolated by density gradient centrifugation of human peripheral blood mixed with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (Hes) were plated on fibronectin-coated 6-well culture dishes. After 7 days, the adherent cells were cultured in the presence of 10 and 20 mg/L CRP for 48 h, and the proliferation, migration, and adhesion abilities of the cells were observed. The mRNA expressions of Notch-1 and its ligand Jagged-1 in the EPCs were measured by RT-PCR, and their protein expressions by Western blotting.

RESULTSCRP at 10 and 20 mg/L caused a significant reduction in the number of viable EPCs (61∓3 and 54∓3, respectively) as compared with PBS (71∓4, P<0.05). CRP also resulted in a significant suppression of the proliferation, migration and adhesion capacities of the EPCs. The mRNA and protein expressions of Jagged-1 and Notch-1 in the EPCs significantly increased following CRP exposure in comparison with PBS treatment.

CONCLUSIONCRP can suppress the proliferation, migration and adhesion capacities of the EPCs probably by affecting the expressions of the Notch-1 pathway components.

C-Reactive Protein ; pharmacology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Jagged-1 Protein ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; cytology ; metabolism ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptor, Notch1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Serrate-Jagged Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism

Objective: To study the role of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) in the growth of mandibular condyle cartilage. Methods: Primary chondrocytes of condyle were cultured. Expression plasmid of ATF-2 and plasmid bcl-2 promoter were transfected into chondrocytes. Luciferase assay and Western blot were used. Results: The absence of ATF-2 in mandibular condyle chondrocytes resulted in a decline in bcl-2 promoter activity, reduction in bcl-2 protein level. Conclusion: The results strongly imply that ATF-2 is required for adequate bcl-2 expression, and play a significant role in controlling growth plate chondrocyte progression.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of expression of MG7-Ag diflferentiation and guidance of follow-up mucosal biopsy in the patients with suspected malignanct gastric ulcer.Methods The expression of MG7-Ag in 58 patients who were suspected as having malignant gastric ulcer under routine endoscopy was studied by immuno-histochemical staining.The follow-up endoscopy was pefformed 1 to 72 weeks(mean 7 weeks)later and biopsy was taken.Results There were 19 cases of gastric carcinoma in 30 patients with positive MG7-Ag expression(63.3%)and only 5 in 28 patients with negative MG7-Ag expression(P＜0.01).Conclusion The positive expression of MG7-Ag is correlated with gastrie carcinoma in patients with suspected malignant gastric ulcer.

Objective To study the clinicopathological characteristics and ultrastructural features of secretory meningioma.Methods A total of 19 cases of secretory meningioma were studied by clinicopathology,immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observation.Results Eosinophilic hyaline inclusions with different sizes were found in cytoplasm of tumor cell,which were positive to PAS and alcian blue stains.These inclusions were secreted by microvesicles in cytoplasm of tumor cell under electron microscopy.Conclusion Immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural observation play important roles in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of this tumor.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of p57(kip2) and cyclinE proteins on the genesis and progression of human pancreatic cancer.

METHODSThe expression of p57(kip2) and cyclinE proteins in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues of pancreatic cancer in 32 patients was detected by SP immunohistochemical technique.

RESULTSThe p57(kip2) protein positive-expression rate in tumor tissues of pancreatic cancer was 46.9%, which was lower than that in adjacent pancreatic tissue (P < 0.05). The p57(kip2) protein positive-expression correlated significantly with tumor cell differentiation (P < 0.05) and did not correlate significantly with lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). The cyclinE positive-expression rate in tumor tissues was 68.8%, which was higher than that in adjacent pancreatic tissues (P < 0.05). The cyclinE positive-expression also correlated significantly with tumor cell differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). The cyclinE protein positive-expression rate in the tumor tissues of the p57(kip2) protein positive-expression group was lower than that in the p57(kip2) protein negative-expression group, and there were no significant correlation between the two groups (r = -0.112, P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDecreased expression of the p57(kip2) protein and/or over-expression of the cyclinE protein may play an important role in the genesis and progression of human pancreatic cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Cyclin E ; analysis ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nuclear Proteins ; analysis ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; chemistry ; pathology

To study the clinico pathological characteristics of primary cardiac tumors, one hundred and fifty one primary cardiac tumors were studied pathologically. Immunohistochemical study was also performed in nineteen cases. The results showed that of all the tumors, five were malignant, and one hundred and forty six were benign, in which myxoma accounted for one hundred and fifty four. Epithelial cells forming glands were immunoreactive for keratin or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) in two cases of myxoma, indicating epithelial differentiation. It is the authors′ opinion that clinical manifestations in combination with pathological features and immunochemical characteristics were helpful in differential diagnosis of malignant cardiac tumors

Objective To improve the diagnosis of metastatic adrenal carcinomas. Methods 123 cases of primary canc-er which had been proved by autopsy in recent 10 years were reviewed. 23 cases of metastatic adrenal carcinomas werefound in all cases,the metastatic being unilateral in 20 and bilateral in 3. Results All the 23 cases of metastatic adrenal-carcinomas had been found missed diagnosis. Conclusion 16 cases are from lung cancer,among which 8 cases are smallcell lung cancer. It is important to prevent metastatic adrenal carcinomas from small cell lung cancer.