OBJECTIVE: To describe the secular trends of age at menarche and age at natural menopause of women from a county of Shandong Province. METHODS: Based on the data of the Premarital Medical Examination and the Cervical Cancer and Breast Cancer Screening of the county, the secular trends of age at menarche in women born in 1951 to 1998 and age at menopause in women born in 1951 to 1975 were studied. Joinpoint regression was used to identify potential inflection points regarding the trend of age at menarche. Average hazard ratios (AHR) of early menopause among women born in different generations were estimated by performing multivariate weighted Cox regression. RESULTS: The average age at menarche was (16.43±1.89) years for women born in 1951 and (13.99±1.22) years for women born in 1998. The average age at menarche was lower for urban women than that for rural women, and the higher the education level, the lower the average age at menarche. Joinpoint regression analysis identified three inflection points: 1959, 1973 and 1993. The average age at menarche decreased annually by 0.03 (P < 0.001), 0.08 (P < 0.001), and 0.03 (P < 0.001) years respectively for women born during 1951-1959, 1960-1973, and 1974-1993, while it remained stable for those born during 1994-1998 (P=0.968). As for age at menopause, compared with women born during 1951-1960, those born during 1961-1965, 1966-1970 and 1971-1975 showed a gradual decrease in the risk of early menopause and a tendency to delay the age at menopause. The stratified analysis presented that the risk of early menopause gradually decreased and the age of menopause showed a significant delay among those with education level of junior high school and below, but this trend was not obvious among those with education level of senior high school and above, where the risk of early menopause decreased and then increased among those with education level of college and above, and the corresponding AHRs were 0.90 (0.66-1.22), 1.07 (0.79-1.44) and 1.14 (0.79-1.66). CONCLUSION The age at menarche for women born since 1951 gradually declined until 1994 and leveled off, with a decrease of nearly 2.5 years in these years. The age at menopause for women born between 1951 and 1975 was generally delayed over time, but the trend of first increase and then decrease was observed among those with relatively higher education levels. In the context of the increasing delay in age at marriage and childbearing and the decline of fertility, this study highlights the necessity of the assessment and monitoring of women' s basic reproductive health status, especially the risk of early menopause.
Female ; Humans ; Aged ; Menarche ; Menopause ; Regression Analysis ; Fertility ; China/epidemiology* ; Age Factors

Objective: To understand the current status of fertility safety cognition among married HIV-infected people aged 18-45 years and to provide evidence for fertility safety intervention in HIV-infected families. Methods: Six districts in Chongqing and Zigong City in Sichuan Province were selected. A questionnaire survey was conducted among married HIV-infected people aged 18-45 years who were followed up from November 2021 to April 2022 to collect their general demographic characteristics, histories of sex experience, fertility intention, and knowledge of birth safety. Unconditional logistic regression and Poisson regression were used to analyze the factors affecting the cognition of birth safety. Results: A total of 266 HIV-infected people were included in the study; 58.3% (155/266) were women, and 48.9% (130/266) had fertility desire. The cognition rate of knowledge of birth safety was 59.4% (158/266). The cognition rate of women's knowledge of birth safety was 2.14 (95%CI: 1.25-3.66) times that of men's. The cognition rate of knowledge of birth safety among HIV-infected persons with a high school education level or above was 1.88 (95%CI: 1.08-3.27) times that of those with a low education level. The cognition rate of knowledge of reproductive safety among HIV-infected people with fertility intention was 1.88 (95%CI: 1.10-3.22) times that of those without fertility intention. The cognition rate of knowledge of birth safety among HIV-infected persons who received AIDS knowledge promotion and education was 9.06 (95%CI: 2.46-33.32) times that of those who did not. The cognition rate of measures of birth safety was 5.3% (14/266). The Poisson regression analysis showed no significant difference in the cognition rate of specific measures among gender, age, education and other factors. Conclusions: HIV-infected people aged 18-45 years and married with a spouse have a low awareness of birth safety, and there are risks of HIV transmission between couples and mother-to-child in the family. Targeted birth safety education and intervention should be strengthened to reduce HIV transmission.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; HIV Infections ; Spouses ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Fertility ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Cognition

Objective: To describe fertility and explore factors associated with it among pre-conception couples of childbearing age. Methods: Based on the pre-conceptional offspring trajectory study of the School of Public Health of Fudan University, couples of childbearing age who participated in the pre-conception physical examination in Shanghai Jiading District from 2016 to 2021 were recruited and followed up. Couples' time to pregnancy (TTP) was analyzed and Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to explore the factors associated with TTP. Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate each menstrual cycle's cumulative pregnancy rate. Results: A total of 1 095 preconception couples were included in the analysis, the M(Q₁,Q₃)of TTP was 4.33 (2.41, 9.78) menstrual cycles. Age of women (FR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.95, P<0.001), women who were overweight or obese before pregnancy (FR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.24-0.55, P<0.001), women who were exposed to second-hand smoking (FR=0.63, 95%CI: 0.44-0.92, P=0.016), women whose home or office had been renovated in the past 2 years and had a particular smell (FR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.26-0.81, P=0.008) were risk factors for impaired fertility. Regular menstrual cycles (FR=1.64, 95%CI: 1.16-2.31, P=0.005), females who often drank tea/coffee (FR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.11-2.17, P=0.011) and males who took folic acid before conception (FR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.38-4.23, P=0.002) were associated with better fertility. The cumulative pregnancy rate of 3, 6, and 12 menstrual cycles was 37.6%, 64.4%, and 78.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Older couples, overweight or obesity before pregnancy, irregular menstruation, exposure to secondhand smoke and decoration pollutants in females are associated with impaired fertility. Frequent tea/coffee drinking before pregnancy in females and taking folic acid before pregnancy in males are associated with shortened conception time.
Pregnancy ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Cohort Studies ; Overweight/complications* ; Coffee ; Intention ; China/epidemiology* ; Fertility ; Obesity/complications* ; Tea

Objective: To investigate the impact of molecular classification and key oncogenes on the oncologic outcomes in patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC) and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) receiving fertility-preserving treatment. Methods: Patients with EC and AEH undergoing progestin-based fertility-preserving treatment and receiving molecular classification as well as key oncogenes test at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University from January 2021 to March 2023 were reviewed. Hysteroscopic lesion resection and endometrial biopsy were performed before initiating hormone therapy and every 3 months during the treatment to evaluate the efficacy. The risk factors which had impact on the treatment outcomes in EC and AEH patients were further analyzed. Results: Of the 171 patients analyzed, the median age was 32 years, including 86 patients with EC and 85 patients with AEH. The distribution of molecular classification was as follows: 157 cases (91.8%) were classified as having no specific molecular profile (NSMP); 9 cases (5.3%), mismatch repair deficient (MMR-d); 3 cases (1.8%), POLE-mutated; 2 cases (1.2%), p53 abnormal. No difference was found in the cumulative 40-week complete response (CR) rate between the patients having NSMP or MMR-d (61.6% vs 60.0%; P=0.593), while the patients having MMR-d had increased risk than those having NSMP to have recurrence after CR (50.0% vs 14.4%; P=0.005). Multi-variant analysis showed PTEN gene multi-loci mutation (HR=0.413, 95%CI: 0.259-0.658; P<0.001) and PIK3CA gene mutation (HR=0.499, 95%CI: 0.310-0.804; P=0.004) were associated with a lower cumulative 40-week CR rate, and progestin-insensitivity (HR=3.825, 95%CI: 1.570-9.317; P=0.003) and MMR-d (HR=9.014, 95%CI: 1.734-46.873; P=0.009) were independent risk factors of recurrence in EC and AEH patients. Conclusions: No difference in cumulative 40-week CR rate is found in the patients having NSMP or MMR-d who received progestin-based fertility-preserving treatment, where the use of hysteroscopy during the treatment might be the reason, while those having MMR-d have a higher risk of recurrence after CR. Oncogene mutation of PTEN or PIK3CA gene might be associated with a lower response to progestin treatment. The molecular profiles help predict the fertility-preserving treatment outcomes in EC and AEH patients.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Hyperplasia ; Progestins ; Fertility Preservation ; Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology* ; Endometrial Hyperplasia/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Precancerous Conditions ; Fertility ; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the cases of medical damage after misdiagnosis of tubal pregnancy, to explore the causes of medical damage, the causal relationship between medical malpractice and the damage consequences, as well as the causative potency, in order to provide evaluation ideas for forensic identification of such cases. METHODS: Eighteen cases of forensic identification of tubal pregnancy related medical damage were collected and retrospectively analyzed from the aspects of age, maternity history, fertility requirements, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment, medical malpractice, damage consequences, and causative potency. RESULTS: All 18 cases were tubal pregnancy, of which 17 cases had medical malpractice, resulting in 14 cases of affected tubal resection, 2 cases of hemorrhagic shock death, 1 case of intrauterine fetal death and affected tubal resection. The other case had the consequence of affected tubal resection, but there was no malpractice in the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Correct diagnosis is helpful to make appropriate treatment plan, prevent disease progression and reduce serious adverse consequences and the occurrence of medical disputes. Scientific and reasonable analysis of the causal relationship between medical malpractice and damage consequences and the causative potency is of great significance to the successful settlement of medical disputes.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Pregnancy, Tubal/surgery* ; Salpingectomy/methods* ; Fertility ; Malpractice

Gene expression analyses suggest that more than 1000-2000 genes are expressed predominantly in mouse and human testes. Although functional analyses of hundreds of these genes have been performed, there are still many testis-enriched genes whose functions remain unexplored. Analyzing gene function using knockout (KO) mice is a powerful tool to discern if the gene of interest is essential for sperm formation, function, and male fertility in vivo. In this study, we generated KO mice for 12 testis-enriched genes, 1700057G04Rik, 4921539E11Rik, 4930558C23Rik, Cby2, Ldhal6b, Rasef, Slc25a2, Slc25a41, Smim8, Smim9, Tmem210, and Tomm20l, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats /CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. We designed two gRNAs for each gene to excise almost all the protein-coding regions to ensure that the deletions in these genes result in a null mutation. Mating tests of KO mice reveal that these 12 genes are not essential for male fertility, at least when individually ablated, and not together with other potentially compensatory paralogous genes. Our results could prevent other laboratories from expending duplicative effort generating KO mice, for which no apparent phenotype exists.
Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; Fertility/genetics* ; Gene Editing ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Testis/metabolism*

Animals ; CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics* ; Fertility/genetics* ; Gene Editing ; Male ; Mice ; Spermatogenesis/genetics* ; Testis

Under the background of the trend in late marriage and the relaxation of family planning policy, the reproductive behavior of women has changed and the proportion of elderly pregnant women has increased progressively year by year. Thus the female fertility preservation is particularly important. As the cradle of life, uterine malformation and uterine cavity diseases may have adverse effects on embryo implantation and development. Several common intrauterine diseases, such as uterine submucosal fibroids, endometrial polyps, intrauterine adhesions, uterine malformation, cesarean scar diverticulum, and embryo residues, may affect female fertility. Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis and treatment for intrauterine diseases. With the progress in science and technology, the refinement of hysteroscopy instruments and the promotion of transvaginal endoscopic technology, hysteroscopy will yield brilliant results in female fertility preservation. The knowledge and training related to hysteroscopy should be continuously promoted and popularized, so that it can be mastered by more clinicians and applied in clinical practice to benefit more female patients.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Aged ; Fertility Preservation

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy and prognosis of fertility-sparing therapy of the patient with complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH) and endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: Clinical data of 191 EC and CAH patients who received fertility-sparing therapy in Peking University People's Hospital between January 2009 and September 2021 were recruited retrospectively. Outcomes of remission, recurrence and pregnancy were analyzed. RESULTS: (1) Efficacy and efficacy-related factors: The complete response (CR) rate was 86.1% (161/187) for all the patients, and the CR rate of the CAH patients were higher than that of the EC patients (92.7% vs. 79.1%, P=0.007), the CR rate was significant higher in the CAH patients (OR=2.786, P=0.035). (2) The recurrence rate was 19.3% (31/161), and the recurrence rate of the EC patients were much higher than that of the CAH patients (26.4% vs. 13.5%, P=0.039). The median recurrence time was 22.5 (9.0, 50.0) months. (3) The high risk factors of recurrence were pathological type of EC (χ²=4.880, P=0.027), without the use of metfor-min (χ²=7.075, P=0.008), longer time to complete remission (>7 months) (χ²=6.204, P=0.013), and no pregnancy (χ²=6.765, P=0.009). (4) Results of pregnancy and related factors: Among the patients who achieved CR, 108 patients had fertility willing with the pregnancy rate of 41.7% (45/108), and the live birth rate was 34.3% (37/108). The live birth rate was lower in EC than that in the CAH patients (28.6% vs. 42.4%, P=0.045). The median time to achieve pregnancy was 10.50 (5.75, 33.25) months. The pregnancy rate was significant higher in the patients with pregnancy history (OR=9.468, P < 0.001) and in those who received assisted reproductive therapy (OR=7.809, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Fertility-sparing therapy of CAH and EC patients is effective resulting in high disease remission and certain pregnancy. However, the high recurrence rate and low pregnancy rate are still key problems for EC and CAH patients, therefore close monitoring and follow-up are indicated.
Endometrial Hyperplasia/pathology* ; Endometrial Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Female ; Fertility Preservation/methods* ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Objective: To analyze the clinical efficacy of fertility-preserving therapy in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and early endometrial carcinoma (EC). Methods: The general condition, pathological type, treatment plan, tumor outcomes and pregnancy outcomes of 110 patients with AEH and EC treated with fertility-preserving therapy in Peking University People's Hospital from December 2005 to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and Log rank tests were used for survival analysis. Results: The response rate of 110 cases of AEH (62 cases) and EC (48 cases) was 94.5% (104/110) after fertility-preserving therapy. There were 93 cases (84.5%) achieved complete response and 11 cases (10.0%) achieved partial response, and the recurrence rate was 29.0% (27/93). The complete response rates of AEH and EC were 90.3% (56/62) and 77.1% (37/48), respectively, without significant difference (P=0.057). The recurrence rates of EC were significantly higher than that of AEH (40.5% vs 21.4%; P=0.022). Forty-one patients with complete response had pregnancy intention, the pregnancy rate was 70.7% (29/41), and the live birth rate was 56.1% (23/41). The live birth rate of AEH was 68.2% (15/22) and that of EC was 42.1% (8/19), the difference was statistically significant (P=0.032). The pathological type was related with the recurrence (P=0.044). Conclusions: Patients with AEH and EC can obtain high complete response rate and pregnancy rate after fertility-preserving therapy. The recurrence rate of EC is higher than that of AEH, while the live birth rate of AEH is higher than that of EC.
Endometrial Hyperplasia/surgery* ; Endometrial Neoplasms/surgery* ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertility Preservation ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies