Abstract In order to understand and analyze the current standards and application of school desks and chairs for primary and secondary schools, and to promote the healthy growth of primary and secondary school students. The article conducts a comprehensive review of the functional and dimensional standards for school furniture both domestically and internationally, and objectively analyzes the current utilization and existing issues concerning desks and chairs in schools. It further explores the multifaceted factors that influence the allocation of desks and chairs, and proposes effective countermeasures, so as to provide a reference for the risk factors of common diseases related to desks and chairs, such as myopia and abnormal spinal curvature.

ObjectiveTo collate and compare the characteristics and differences in the methods for constructing animal models of different subtypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） based on literature， providing a reference for researchers in this field regarding animal model construction. MethodsExperimental studies related to GERD including reflux esophagitis （RE）， nonerosive reflux disease （NERD） and Barrett's esophagus （BE） model construction from January 1， 2014 to January 27， 2024， were retrieved from databases such as CNKI， Wanfang， VIP， Web of Science， and Pubmed. Information on animal strains， genders， modeling methods including disease-syndrome combination models， modeling cycles were extracted； for studies with model evaluation， the methods of model evaluation were also extracted； then analyzing all those information. ResultsA total of 182 articles were included. SD rats were most frequently selected when inducing animal models of RE （88/148， 59.46%） and NERD （9/14， 64.29%）. For BE， C57BL/6 mice were most commonly used （11/20， 55.00%）. Male animals （RE： 111/135， 82.22%； NERD： 11/14， 78.57%； BE： 10/12， 83.33%） were the most common gender among the three subtypes. The key to constructing RE animal models lies in structural damage to the esophageal mucosal layer， gastric content reflux， or mixed reflux， among which forestomach ligation + incomplete pylorus ligation （42/158， 26.58%） was the most common modeling method； the key to constructing NERD animal models lies in micro-inflammation of the esophageal mucosa， visceral hypersensitivity， and emotional problems， and intraperitoneal injection of a mixed suspension of ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide combined with acid perfusion in the lower esophagus （8/14， 57.14%） was the most common modeling method； the key to constructing BE animal models lies in long-term inflammatory stimulation of the esophageal mucosa and bile acid reflux， and constructing interleukin 2-interleukin 1β transgenic mice （7/25， 28.00%） was the most common modeling method. Adverse psychological stress was the most common method for inducing liver depression. ConclusionsThe construction key principles and methodologies for RE， NERD， and BE animal models exhibit significant differences. Researchers should select appropriate models based on subtype characteristics （e.g.， RE focusing on structural damage， NERD emphasizing visceral hypersensitivity）. Current studies show insufficient exploration of traditional Chinese medicine disease-syndrome combination models. Future research needs to optimize syndrome modeling approaches （e.g.， composite etiology simulation） and establish integrated Chinese-Western medicine evaluation systems to better support mechanistic investigations of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective:Taking naval officers and soldiers who participate in military continuing education as an example, to compare the distribution of sensory learning style of learners with different personality in order to provide suggestions and references for online course teaching.Methods:By using convenient sampling method, MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) and VARK (Visual, Aural, Read/Write, Kinesthetic questionnaire) were measured in the Navy. A total of 10 000 questionnaires were distributed and 8 124 valid ones were collected. Through analysis of SPSS 25.0 software, the personality dimensions and personality types were analyzed for personality analysis, and the main indicators of sensory learning style analysis were tendency multiplicity, the intensity and distribution of single sensory learning style, and specific sensory learning styles. The Chi-square test was adopted, with test level of α=0.05. Results:It showed statistical differences in the tendency multiplicity and intensity of single style among officers and soldiers in the three dimensions of extroversion-introversion, sensing-intuition and judging-perception ( χ 2=12.37, 18.02, 22.97, 12.57, 12.73, 24.45, P=0.005, <0.001, <0.001, =0.006, =0.005, <0.001). It showed statistical differences in the distribution of single style and the specific sensory learning styles among officers and soldiers in all the four dimensions of extroversion-introversion, sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling, and judging-perception ( χ 2=28.30, 36.96, 11.40, 41.95, 53.76, 75.48, 43.11, 77.29, P <0.001, <0.001, =0.022, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001). It showed statistical differences in the tendency multiplicity, the intensity and distribution of single style, and the specific sensory learning styles among naval officers and soldiers with different personality types ( χ 2=86.63, 96.22, 147.41, 363.76, all P<0.001). Conclusions:Personality dimension has influence on sensory learning style, especially for extroversion-introversion, sensing-intuition, and judging-perception dimensions. Personality type has an important influence on the tendency multiplicity, distribution type and performance intensity of sensory learning style. It is integral part of online course teaching to meet the diversified and personalized learning needs of officers and soldiers.

ObjectiveTo analyse the current implementation status of Chinese herbal medicine （CHM） placebo and systematically evaluate the placebo effect in randomised controlled trials （RCTs） of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） for the treatment of functional dyspepsia （FD）. MethodsA combination of medical subject terms and free words was used to search six databases， including PubMed， EMBASE， Cochrane Library， Web of Science， China National Knowledge Infrastructure， and Wanfang， for RCTs with CHM placebo group for FD published from January 31st， 1994 to September 30th， 2023. The dosage forms， composition， and methodological quality were collected and evaluated. The quality of the included articles was evaluated by Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool， and meta-analysis was performed on the CHM placebo response rate of patients with FD， and subgroup analysis and meta-regression was performed according to diagnostic criteria， efficacy criteria， duration of treatment， type of placebo， whether it contained active ingredient， and whether it evaluated placebo effects. ResultsA total of 34 publications were included involving 5046 participants， of which 2221 FD patients received CHM placebo treatment. Granules were the predominant placebo preparation， accounting for 71% （24/34）； 32.35% （11/34） of the studies added real CHM to the placebo， and only 12 （35%） of the studies described appearance， odour， and taste. The placebo response rate in FD patients in the placebo group was 41% （95% CI： 0.35 to 0.47； P＜0.01， I² = 87%）； there was significant difference between groups with different diagnostic criteria and different treatment durations （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， but there was no significant difference between the different efficacy evaluation criteria， the different placebo preparation， the presence of a low-dose active ingredient， and the presence or absence of placebo assessment （P＞0.05）. ConclusionThere was a significant CHM placebo effect in patients with FD， with granules as the main preparation of placebop. Different diagnostic criteria and different treatment times may affect the response rate of patients， and the addition of low-dose real medicine to the CHM placebos has not been seen to have an effect on the response rate. Clinical investigators have not paid enough attention to placebos， and there is a lack of uniform standards and norms for the preparation and evaluation of CHM placebos.

Spleen deficiency is an important part of the theoretical system of Traditional Chinese Medicine,which has experienced the process of origin,standardization,maturity,perfection and development in different historical periods.The physiological function of the spleen in Traditional Chinese Medicine involves"the spleen governs transportation and transformation,promotes blood circulation";The study of"spleen governing transportation and transformation"divided into"spleen governing transportation"and"spleen governing transformation"from the function of spleen,which is more conducive to explaining the scientific connotation of spleen governing transportation and transformation.Spleen governing transport and transformation is the basis of spleen governing clearing,and spleen governing clearing is the purpose of spleen governing transport and transformation.Spleen governing blood circulation is the outcome of spleen governing clearing,and there is a progressive logical hierarchy relationship between them.With the rise of proteomics,metabonomics and intestinal flora research,it provides technical support for the study of spleen deficiency syndrome;In addition,based on the correlation between spleen of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the functions of endoplasmic reticulum,the material basis of essence of spleen deficiency is discussed from the perspective of endoplasmic reticulum stress,which provides a new direction for the study of spleen deficiency.

OBJECTIVE：To study the anti-tumor effect of artemether （ARM）self-microemulsifying drug delivery system （SMEDDS） on human glioma subcutaneously transplanted model mice. METHODS ：Human glioma cell line SHG 44 was inoculated and passed on to establish subcutaneous transplanted tumor model of nude mice. At the 5th，10th，15th，20th and 25th day after inoculation ，the tumor tissue volume was measured and the growth curve was drawn to confirm the initial stage of rapid tumor proliferation. Thirty nude mice was collected to establish subeutaneously transplanted tumor nude model ，and then divided into control group （normal saline ），ARM suspension group [ 60 mg/（kg·d）]，ARM-SMEDDS low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups [ 10，20，30 mg/（kg·d）] at the initial stage of rapid tumor proliferation. They were given normal saline and relevant solution intragastrically once a day ，for consecutive 30 d. The weight change and general sibuation of mice were recorded. The change of tumor volume was determined and relative tumor proliferation rate was calculated. RESULTS ：The subcutaneously transplanted tumor tissue entered the initial stage of rapid tumor proliferation from the 10th day after transplantation. The general situation was normal ，and there was no obvious abnormal reaction in mice of each group during treatment. Since 10th day of administration，tumor tissue volume of mice in ARM-SMEDDS groups were shortened significantly than control group （P＜0.05）. At 15th day of administration ，tumor volume of mice in ARM-SMEDDS groups were shortened significantly than ARM suspension group（P＜0.05）. After last administration ，relative tumor proliferation rates of mice in ARM-SMEDDS groups were decreased significantly，compared with ARM suspension group （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：ARM-SMEDDS show significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human glioma ，and are better than suspension with higher dosage.

Objective:To explore demand for contracted family doctor services in middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases in Dongguan so as to provide a basis for further improving the contracted family doctor service items of chronic disease.Methods:From August to December 2018, a total of 20 middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases who signed up for family doctor service in Dongguan city were selected for semi-structured interviews using the objective sampling method, and the data were analyzed with the Colaizzi analysis method.Results:By analyzing and categorizing the interview data, six themes were extracted, namely, policy and service cognitive needs, disease knowledge and skills needs, drug treatment needs, rehabilitation care needs, psychosocial support and network service needs.Conclusions:Middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic diseases have a high demand for family doctor team services. Medical staff should strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration, strengthen chronic disease health education, pay attention to mental health of patients and use the network management platform of family doctors for elderly patients with chronic diseases to maximize the needs of patients for medical care services.

OBJECTIVE:To study the absorption features of Silymarin enteric coated-polyllactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles in rat in situ intestine perfusion model and colonic adenoma Caco-2 cell model. METHODS:HPLC method was used to determine the content of silymarin. The absorption rate constant(Ka)and apparent absorption coefficient(Kapp)of Silymarin sus-pension,Silymarin PLGA nanoparticles and Silymarin enteric coated-PLGA nanoparticles were investigated in duodenum,jejunum, ileum and colon of rat in situ intestine perfusion model;the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of those drugs containing low-concentration,medium-concentration and high-concentration(20,40,60 μg/mL)of silymarin in Caco-2 cell model were also investigated. RESULTS:Compared with Silymarin suspension,Ka and Kapp of Silymarin PLGA nanoparticles and Silymarin enteric coated-PLGA nanoparticles were all increased in duodenum,jejunum,ileum and colon(P<0.05);compared with the correspond-ing concentration Silymarin suspension,two-way Papp of Silymarin PLGA nanoparticles and Silymarin enteric coated-PLGA nanopar-ticles containing low-concentration,medium-concentration and high-concentration of silymarin were all increased in Caco-2 cell model (P<0.05);there was no statistical significance between Silymarin PLGA nanoparticles and Silymarin enteric coated-PLGA nanoparticles (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Silymarin enteric coated-PLGA nanoparticles can effectively increase the intestinal ab-sorption,cellular uptake and transmembrane transport rate of silymarin.

Objective To investigate the intervention of Pixu Fang 1 (Spleen-deficiency Formula 1) to the protein and mRNA expressions of myosin light chain (MLC) in gastric tissue in rats with functional dyspepsia (FD)-spleen deficiency pattern(SDP).Methods SD rats (n =60,aged 7 d) were randomly divided into normal group (n =10) and FD-SDP model group (n =50).The normal group was orally given 2％ sugar solution and FD-SDP model group was given 0.1％ iodoacetamide sugar solution in a dose of O.2 mL each rat a day for 6 d.The FD-SDP model group was fed with normal forage until rats aged 6 weeks and additionally given modified multiple platform method (MMPM) continuously for 14 d.After modeling,FD-SDP model group was divided randomly into model group (distilled water,10 mL/kg · d),domperidone group (3.125 mg/kg · d),low-dose Pixu Fang 1 group (low-dose group,1.275 g/ kg · d),mid-dose Pixu Fang 1 group (mid-dose group,2.550 g/kg · d) and high-dose Pixu Fang 1 group (high-dose group,5.100 g/kg · d,each n =10),and all groups were given orally corresponding medicinal for 14 d.The protein and mRNA expressions of MLC in gastric tissue were detected by using immunohistochemistry technique,Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results Compared with normal group,MLC protein expression decreased in model group detected by immunohistochemistry technique and Western blotting,and MLC mRNA expression decreased in model group detected by RT-PCR (P ＜0.01).Compared with model group,MLC protein expression increased in low-dose group,mid-dose group and high-dose group detected by immunohistochemistry technique (P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01).MLC protein expression increased in mid-dose group and high-dose group detected by Western blotting (P ＜ 0.O1).MLC mRNA expression increased in high-dose group detected RT-PCR (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion There are decreases of protein and mRNA expressions of MLC in FD-SDP rats,and Pixu Fang 1 can up-regulate these expressions.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the formulation of entecavir PLGA sustained-release microspheres,and explore its drug release in vitro. METHODS:PLGA sustained-release microspheres was prepared by emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Us-ing composite score of entrapment efficacy and drug loading as indexes,orthogonal test was designed to optimize drug amount, drug-PLGA mass ratio,PLGA mass concentration,oil phase-aqueous phase volume ratio and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentra-tion;and validation test was also conducted. The prepared microsphere morphology,particle size and durg release in vitro were de-tected. RESULTS:The optimized formulation was entecavir 20 mg,entecavir-PLGA mass ratio 1∶10,PLGA mass concentration 200 mg/ml,oil phase-aqueous phase volume ratio 1∶10,and PVA concentration 2%;entrapment efficacy was (86.52 ± 3.25)%, drug loading was(18.36±1.37)%,RSDs were lower than 5.0%(n=3);it was round and smooth in appearance with average par-ticle size of 58.35 μm;Q10 h,Q96 h and Q360 h were 9.6%,42.9% and 89.6%,and the drug release in vitro fitted to Higuchi model (r2=0.965 8). CONCLUSIONS:Entecavir PLGA sustained-release microspheres prepared by optimized formulation has good sus-tained-release performance.