The accumulation of uremic toxins such as urea nitrogen, blood creatinine, and uric acid of patients with renal failure in vivo would lead to aggravated kidney damage. In this study, coated aldehyde oxy-starch (CAO) was used as an adsorbent to investigate its in vitro adsorption performance on renal failure indexes for urea, indoxyl sulfate (INS), monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (Cr). The effects of variables such as pH, temperature, concentration, dosage, and time on the adsorption capacity of CAO were systematically investigated, employing analytical techniques of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). The results revealed that CAO exhibited a strong adsorption capacity for urea, INS, and MMA, alongside a moderate adsorption capacity for DMA, UA, and Cr. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of urea and UA by CAO were fitted in pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherm aligned with the Freundlich adsorption model. The enthalpy change ΔH of urea in adsorption was in the range of 40 to 60 kJ·mol^-1, which demonstrated the presence of strong adsorption force due to the interactions of coordinating groups. The ΔH of UA was greater than 80 kJ·mol^-1, indicating the generation of chemical bonds during the adsorption. Both of them, Gibbs free energy ΔG was less than 0, within the range of -20 to 0 kJ·mol^-1, suggested that the adsorption of urea and UA by CAO occurred spontaneously as physical adsorption process. The adsorption entropy ΔS of urea and UA was > 0, which indicated an increase in entropy throughout the adsorption. The infrared spectroscopygram showed the formation of a chemical bond, specifically the imine bond, following the adsorption of urea by CAO, thereby indicating a chemical reaction during the adsorption. This study elucidates the adsorption mechanism of CAO on various indexes of renal failure, providing a scientific basis for its clinical usage.

Locomotion, a fundamental motor function encompassing various forms such as swimming, walking, running, and flying, is essential for animal survival and adaptation. The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), located at the midbrain-hindbrain junction, is a conserved brain area critical for controlling locomotion. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the MLR’s structure and function across species, from lampreys to mammals and birds, with a particular focus on insights gained from optogenetic studies in mammals. The goal is to uncover universal strategies for MLR-mediated locomotor control. Electrical stimulation of the MLR in species such as lampreys, salamanders, cats, and mice initiates locomotion and modulates speed and patterns. For example, in lampreys, MLR stimulation induces swimming, with increased intensity or frequency enhancing propulsive force. Similarly, in salamanders, graded stimulation transitions locomotor outputs from walking to swimming. Histochemical studies reveal that effective MLR stimulation sites colocalize with cholinergic neurons, suggesting a conserved neurochemical basis for locomotion control. In mammals, the MLR comprises two key nuclei: the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Both nuclei contain glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, with the PPN additionally housing cholinergic neurons. Optogenetic studies in mice by selectively activating glutamatergic neurons have demonstrated that the CnF and PPN play distinct roles in motor control: the CnF drives rapid escape behaviors, while the PPN regulates slower, exploratory movements. This functional specialization within the MLR allows animals to adapt their locomotion patterns and speed in response to environmental demands and behavioral objectives. Similar to findings in lampreys, the CnF and PPN in mice transmit motor commands to spinal effector circuits by modulating the activity of brainstem reticular formation neurons. However, they achieve this through distinct reticulospinal pathways, enabling the generation of specific behaviors. Further insights from monosynaptic rabies viral tracing reveal that the CnF and PPN integrate inputs from diverse brain regions to produce context-appropriate behaviors. For instance, glutamatergic neurons in the PPN receive signals from other midbrain structures, the basal ganglia, and medullary nuclei, whereas glutamatergic neurons in the CnF rarely receive inputs from the basal ganglia but instead are strongly influenced by the periaqueductal grey and inferior colliculus within the midbrain. These differential connectivity patterns underscore the specialized roles of the CnF and PPN in motor control, highlighting their unique contributions to coordinating locomotion. Birds exhibit exceptional flight capabilities, yet the avian MLR remains poorly understood. Comparative studies suggest that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) in birds is homologous to the mammalian PPN, which contains cholinergic neurons, while the intercollicular nucleus (ICo) or nucleus isthmi pars magnocellularis (ImC) may correspond to the CnF. These findings provide important clues for identifying the avian MLR and elucidating its role in flight control. However, functional validation through targeted experiments is urgently needed to confirm these hypotheses. Optogenetics and other advanced techniques in mice have greatly advanced MLR research, enabling precise manipulation of specific neuronal populations. Future studies should extend these methods to other species, particularly birds, to explore unique locomotor adaptations. Comparative analyses of MLR structure and function across species will deepen our understanding of the conserved and evolved features of motor control, revealing fundamental principles of locomotion regulation throughout evolution. By integrating findings from diverse species, we can uncover how the MLR has been adapted to meet the locomotor demands of different environments, from aquatic to aerial habitats.

Objective To comprehensively excavate and analyze the research status,research hotspots and future trends of the literature related to the field of acupoint catgut embedding therapy for pain treatment in the CNKI database.Methods We searched the CNKI database from its establishment to June 2022,and scientifically analyzed the authors,keywords,and institutions of the included literature of acupoint catgut embedding therapy for pain treatment through specific algorithms of Citespace to generate a visual knowledge map.Results A total of 319 documents were included for statistical analysis,the number of publications in the field of acupoint catgut embedding therapy for the treatment of pain was generally on the rise,the number of publications by various authors was on the low side,and there was a lack of co-operation between the research teams,with the main institutions being the Guang'anmen Hospital,Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical Universities of Nationalities and the Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,forming a 10-keyword clustering,and the hotspots of diseases under study were mainly mixed haemorrhoids,postoperative pain,low back and leg pain and dysmenorrhoea,etc..The main interventions were pure acupoint catgut embedding therapy and the combination of acupoint catgut embedding therapy and other acupuncture therapies,and the main research method was clinical research.Conclusion Acupoint catgut embedding therapy for the treatment of pain has a good development prospect,the future needs to deepen the clinical research,strengthen the mechanism research,pay attention to the joint use of acupoint catgut embedding therapy and other traditional Chinese medicine methods,and pay attention to the research of different thread materials.

There seems to be a contradiction among the symptoms of"non-thirst"and"thirst after oral use of the decoction"stated in original text 41 of Shang Han Lun(Treatise on Febrile Diseases)and the symptom of"probable thirst"stated in original text 40.In this article,the symptoms of thirst or non-thirst in the syndrome of Xiao Qinglong Decoction were expounded through the analysis of the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine about body fluid metabolism and the pathogenic mechanism of thirst,and by synthesizing the relevant articles recorded in Jin Gui Yao Lve(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber)and the understanding of the syndrome of Xiao Qinglong Decoction by later generations of practitioners.After that,the following views are put forward:non-thirst symptom is the primary sympton of the syndrome of Xiao Qinglong Decoction,which results from the disease;thirst after oral use of the decoction is due to drug-induced thirst,which can be classified into the category of physiological thirst;probable thirst symptom is related with fluid consumption by febrile disease,indicating that the disease involves yangming.The analysis of the symptoms of thirst or non-thirst in the syndrome of Xiao Qinglong Decoction is helpful for evaluation of therapeutic efficacy,and can also be used as the indications of modified medications and differential diagnosis of the disease.The exploration will provide references for the clinical use of Xiao Qinglong Decoction and will be beneficial to improving the clinical efficacy of Xiao Qinglong Decoction.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics, genotypes and genetic evolution of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolated in Shanghai from April 2020 to December 2021, which was a period from the COVID-19 outbreak to the phase of regular epidemic prevention and control.Methods:This retrospective study collected the nasopharyngeal secretions or nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) admitted to the Shanghai Children′s Hospital from April 2020 to December 2021. PCR-capillary electrophoresis and RT-PCR were used for virus identification and the amplification of the gene fragment of the second hypervariable region of RSV G protein. Homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis were conducted using bioinformatics software. Chi-square test was used to compare the detection rates of RSV. Results:A total of 6 211 samples were collected and 13.62% (846/6 211) of them were positive for RSV. The positive rates of RSV in male and female patients were 14.07% (503/3 574) and 13.01% (343/2 637), respectively, with no significant gender difference (χ 2=1.467, P=0.226). The highest detection rate of RSV was found in children ≤6 months of age, and the rate of RSV infection decreased gradually with age (χ 2=352.942, P<0.001). No RSV-positive specimens were detected from April 2020 to August 2020, after which the detection rate of RSV gradually increased with two epidemic peaks occurring from December 2020 to February 2021 and from August to October 2021. The predominant epidemic subtype was RSV subtype B in 2020 and the first 9 months of 2021, which was gradually replaced by RSV subtype A in the last 3 months of 2021. The 176 strains of RSV subtype A obtained in this study were all ON1 genotype, and the nucleotide homology of the Shanghai epidemic strains was 90.20%-99.50%. All of the 250 strains of RSV subtype B were BA9 genotype, and the nucleotide homology of the Shanghai epidemic strains was 90.10%-100.00%. Conclusions:From April 2020 to December 2021, with the regular prevention and control of COVID-19, there is a change in the epidemic season of RSV. The prevalent genotypes of RSV subtypes A and B are ON1 and BA9, respectively, and the subtype A gradually replaces subtype B as the most prevalent subtype.

Objective To study the application effect of quality control circle(QCC)in reducing the dissatisfaction rate of physical examination clients in health management center.Methods To establish QCC,selected the health check-up popula-tion in our hospital in September-2019 and March-2020,through the questionnaire investigation and analysis,compare the dis-satisfaction of the clients before and after the quality control circle.Results After carrying out QCC activities,the dissatisfaction of physical examination clients was significantly lower than that before QCC,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The activities of QCC in the health management center can effectively improve the quality of the physical examination work and reduce the dissatisfaction of the customers in the physical examination.It is of great significance to the health management.

Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is a common tumor in the digestive tract， the formation mechanism of which remains to be fully elucidated. Although surgery， radiation， chemotherapy， targeted therapy， and immunotherapy have achieved significant results in the treatment of HCC， these methods are accompanied by a considerable number of adverse reactions and complications. In recent years， Chinese medicine has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of HCC， and both basic experiments and clinical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of Chinese medicine， which exerts therapeutic effects via multiple components and multiple targets. However， the pathogenesis of HCC is exceptionally complex and not fully understood， which means that studies remain to be carried out regarding the specific mechanism of Chinese medicine in preventing and treating HCC. Network pharmacology and molecular biology can be employed to decipher the mechanism of Chinese medicine in the treatment of diseases. Studies have shown that Chinese medicine can regulate various pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， Hedgehog， Wnt/β-catenin， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （JAK2/STAT3）， and transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β）/Smad signaling pathways. Chinese medicine can exhibit its anti-HCC effects by inducing cell apoptosis， inhibiting cell proliferation and migration， and blocking the cell cycle via the above pathways. However， the specific mechanisms remain to be systematically studied. This study comprehensively reviews the regulatory effects of Chinese medicine on HCC-related signaling pathways to reveal the molecular mechanisms of Chinese medicine in the treatment of HCC. This view holds the promise of providing new targets， new perspectives， and new therapies for HCC treatment and advancing the modernization and development of Chinese medicine.

Objective To investigate the attributable risk(AR)of Acinetobacter baumannii(AB)infection in criti-cally ill patients.Methods A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted among adult patients in inten-sive care unit(ICU).Patients with AB isolated from sterile body fluid and confirmed with AB infection in each cen-ter were selected as the infected group.According to the matching criteria that patients should be from the same pe-riod,in the same ICU,as well as with similar APACHE Ⅱ score(±5 points)and primary diagnosis,patients who did not infect with AB were selected as the non-infected group in a 1:2 ratio.The AR was calculated.Results The in-hospital mortality of patients with AB infection in sterile body fluid was 33.3％,and that of non-infected group was 23.1％,with no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P=0.069).The AR was 10.2％(95％CI:-2.3％-22.8％).There is no statistically significant difference in mortality between non-infected pa-tients and infected patients from whose blood,cerebrospinal fluid and other specimen sources AB were isolated(P＞0.05).After infected with AB,critically ill patients with the major diagnosis of pulmonary infection had the high-est AR.There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between patients in the infected and non-infec-ted groups(P＞0.05),or between other diagnostic classifications.Conclusion The prognosis of AB infection in critically ill patients is highly overestimated,but active healthcare-associated infection control for AB in the ICU should still be carried out.

The ocular bioavailability of traditional ophthalmic preparations is relatively low, and it is difficult to have a satisfactory therapeutic effect on ocular diseases, which is mainly due to the difficulty of traditional ophthalmic preparations to pass through many physiological barriers in the eye and the short residence time of the preparations in the eye. In order to improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs and reduce the adverse drug reaction to ocular tissues, some novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, microspheres, and in situ gels, have been employed to develop ophthalmic preparations, and have attracted increasing attention of researchers. In terms of the rapid development of ocular drug delivery systems, recent advances in ocular drug delivery systems are summarized in this paper. Firstly, ocular structure and physiological barriers which restrict drugs into the eye are introduced. Secondly, novel ocular drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, microspheres, and in situ gels are introduced. Finally, the future prospects and crucial problems of ocular drug delivery systems in clinical treatment are focused on.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of menopause-related symptoms and cognition status of menopausal hormone therapy(MHT)among menopausal women.Methods A total of 619 menopausal women with menopause-related symptoms who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were selected as the study subjects.Data were collected by questionnaire to analyze the characteristics of menopause-related symptoms,and the menopausal women's cognitive status of MHT and therapeutic effects were explored.Results Among 371 perimenopausal women,the menopause-related symptoms with the top three rates were fatigue(69.81％),insomnia(66.85％),and hot flush-sweating(58.22％).Among 248 postmenopausal women,the menopause-related symptoms with the top three rates were hot flashes and sweating(64.11％),bone and joint pain(60.89％),and fatigue(56.85％).The incidence of insomnia and fatigue in postmenopausal women was significantly lower than that in perimenopausal women(P＜0.01),while the incidence of bone and arthralgia,urinary system infection,vaginal dryness and painful intercourse was significantly higher than that in perimenopausal women(P＜0.01).There was no significant difference in Kupperman score between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women(P＞0.05),but score degree distribution differed significantly(P＜0.05).Perimenopausal women had the highest proportion of mild score while postmenopausal women had the highest proportion of moderate score.There were significant differences in Kupperman score among postmenopausal women with different menopause ages,menopause years and menopause mode(P＜0.05).The earlier menopause age and shorter menopause years,the higher Kupperman score was;the Kupperman score was significantly higher in surgical menopause than in natural menopause(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age of 45-54 years old,retirement or unemployment,spouse's disease or death,abnormal sexual life,and high education level were the risk factors for the occurrence of menopausal symptoms(P＜0.05);high family income and＞3 times/week exercise were the protective factors for the occurrence of menopausal symptoms(P＜0.05).The Internet was the way that accounted for the highest proportion of menopausal women's understanding of MHT(39.92％),and the tumor accounted for the highest proportion of menopausal women's concern about MHT(33.67％).There were 465 menopausal women without MHT contraindications(89.77％)who used MHT under the guidance of professional doctors,and their symptoms improved significantly after treatment(P＜0.05).Conclusion Menopausal women have obvious menopause-related symptoms,and the earlier the age,the shorter the menopause years and the more severe symptoms in the surgical menopause.Therefore,it is necessary to pay attention to the impact of menopause on the health of menopausal women and increase the use rate of MHT to improve the quality of life of menopausal women.