Objective:To investigate the safety and therapeutic effect of split liver transplantation (SLT) in clinical application.Methods:This is a retrospective case-series study. The clinical data of 203 consecutive SLT, 79 living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and 1 298 whole liver transplantation (WLT) performed at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from July 2014 to July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Two hundred and three SLT liver grafts were obtained from 109 donors. One hundred and twenty-seven grafts were generated by in vitro splitting and 76 grafts were generated by in vivo splitting. There were 90 adult recipients and 113 pediatric recipients. According to time, SLT patients were divided into two groups: the early SLT group (40 cases, from July 2014 to December 2017) and the mature SLT technology group (163 cases, from January 2018 to July 2023). The survival of each group was analyzed and the main factors affecting the survival rate of SLT were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were used for survival analysis.Results:The cumulative survival rates at 1-, 3-, and 5-year were 74.58%, 71.47%, and 71.47% in the early SLT group, and 88.03%, 87.23%, and 87.23% in the mature SLT group, respectively. Survival rates in the mature SLT group were significantly higher than those in the early SLT group ( χ2=5.560, P=0.018). The cumulative survival rates at 1-, 3- and 5-year were 93.41%, 93.41%, 89.95% in the LDLT group and 87.38%, 81.98%, 77.04% in the WLT group, respectively. There was no significant difference among the mature SLT group, the LDLT group and the WLT group ( χ2=4.016, P=0.134). Abdominal hemorrhage, infection, primary liver graft nonfunction,and portal vein thrombosis were the main causes of early postoperative death. Conclusion:SLT can achieve results comparable to those of WLT and LDLT in mature technology liver transplant centers, but it needs to go through a certain time learning curve.

Venous thromboembolism(VTE)includes deep venous thrombosis(DVT)and pulmonary embolism(PE).Patients in intensive care unit(ICU)are often at a high risk of VTE due to combining many risk factors.Prevention strategies of VTE in critically ill patients are crucial,including identification of risk factors,the risk as-sessment of thrombosis and bleeding,mechanical prophylaxis and drug prophylaxis,effect monitoring,and quality control.Since the risk of VTE in ICU patients is high,the risk of bleeding should not be ignored.It is a challenge for ICU physicians to comprehensively evaluate the risk of thrombosis and bleeding in critically ill patients and im-plement effective preventive and monitoring measures in time.This article reviews the relevant research progress on prevention strategies of VTE in critically ill patients in order to provide clinical evidence for the prophylaxis of VTE in critically ill patients.

Objective:To investigate the safety and therapeutic effect of split liver transplantation (SLT) in clinical application.Methods:This is a retrospective case-series study. The clinical data of 203 consecutive SLT, 79 living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and 1 298 whole liver transplantation (WLT) performed at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from July 2014 to July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Two hundred and three SLT liver grafts were obtained from 109 donors. One hundred and twenty-seven grafts were generated by in vitro splitting and 76 grafts were generated by in vivo splitting. There were 90 adult recipients and 113 pediatric recipients. According to time, SLT patients were divided into two groups: the early SLT group (40 cases, from July 2014 to December 2017) and the mature SLT technology group (163 cases, from January 2018 to July 2023). The survival of each group was analyzed and the main factors affecting the survival rate of SLT were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were used for survival analysis.Results:The cumulative survival rates at 1-, 3-, and 5-year were 74.58%, 71.47%, and 71.47% in the early SLT group, and 88.03%, 87.23%, and 87.23% in the mature SLT group, respectively. Survival rates in the mature SLT group were significantly higher than those in the early SLT group ( χ2=5.560, P=0.018). The cumulative survival rates at 1-, 3- and 5-year were 93.41%, 93.41%, 89.95% in the LDLT group and 87.38%, 81.98%, 77.04% in the WLT group, respectively. There was no significant difference among the mature SLT group, the LDLT group and the WLT group ( χ2=4.016, P=0.134). Abdominal hemorrhage, infection, primary liver graft nonfunction,and portal vein thrombosis were the main causes of early postoperative death. Conclusion:SLT can achieve results comparable to those of WLT and LDLT in mature technology liver transplant centers, but it needs to go through a certain time learning curve.

The incidence and mortality of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are high in critically ill patients, and there is still a risk of VTE and bleeding after the use of fixed-dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for prophylaxis. The level of anti-factor Ⅹa is not up to standard after LMWH prophylaxis in patients with surgery or trauma. The condition of critically ill patients is complicated, and the proportion of patients with low antithrombin Ⅲ is high, which can affect the prophylactic efficacy of LMWH and contribute to VTE occurrence. There is currently no consensus on whether adjusting LMWH dose according to anti-factor Ⅹa levels can reduce VTE occurrence in critically ill patients. High-quality multicenter randomized controlled studies are needed in the future to establish new approaches for precise prevention of VTE in critically ill patients.

In the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, the loss of organs or tissues caused by diseases or injuries has resulted in challenges, such as donor shortage and immunosuppression. In recent years, with the development of regenerative medicine, the decellularization-recellularization strategy seems to be a promising and attractive method to resolve these difficulties. The decellularized extracellular matrix contains no cells and genetic materials, while retaining the complex ultrastructure, and it can be used as a scaffold for cell seeding and subsequent transplantation, thereby promoting the regeneration of diseased or damaged tissues and organs. This review provided an overview of decellularization-recellularization technique, and mainly concentrated on the application of decellularization-recellularization technique in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, including the remodeling of skin, nose, ears, face, and limbs. Finally, we proposed the challenges in and the direction of future development of decellularization-recellularization technique in plastic surgery.
Tissue Engineering/methods* ; Tissue Scaffolds/chemistry* ; Surgery, Plastic ; Regenerative Medicine/methods* ; Extracellular Matrix

Objective:To evaluate superior mesenteric artery preferential approach in the borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.Methods:The clinical and follow-up data of 90 patients with borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer who underwent radical pancreatoduodenectomy at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University from Jan 2015 to Dec 2021 were analyzed.Results:After exploring the superior mesenteric artery in the lower colon area to confirm the vascular invasion meet the resection criteria, the blood supply is cut off first, then the tumors were resected en bloc, with the invaded vessels resected and reconstructed or replaced. All 90 patients successfully completed the operation without perioperative death. Pathology established pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year disease-free survival rates of patients in the arterial priority approach group were 68.2%, 60.4%, and 54.3%, while the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year disease-free survival rates of patients by conventional approach were 58.4%, 26.4%, and 11.7% ( P=0.001). Conclusion:The superior mesenteric artery preferential approach in the inferior colon region can prolong the survival time of patients after surgery, and reduce the recurrence.

Background: The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 omicron variant has been triggering the new wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally. However, the risk factors and outcomes for radiological abnormalities in the early convalescent stage (1 month after diagnosis) of omicron infected patients are still unknown. Methods: Patients were retrospectively enrolled if they were admitted to the hospital due to COVID-19. The chest computed tomography (CT) images and clinical data obtained at baseline (at the time of the first CT image that showed abnormalities after diagnosis) and 1 month after diagnosis were longitudinally analyzed. Uni-/multi-variable logistic regression tests were performed to explore independent risk factors for radiological abnormalities at baseline and residual pulmonary abnormalities after 1 month. Results: We assessed 316 COVID-19 patients, including 47% with radiological abnormalities at baseline and 23% with residual pulmonary abnormalities at 1-month follow-up. In a multivariate regression analysis, age ≥ 50 years, body mass index ≥ 23.87, days after vaccination ≥ 81 days, lymphocyte count ≤ 1.21 × 10 -9 /L, interleukin-6 (IL-6) ≥ 10.05 pg/mL and IgG ≤ 14.140 S/CO were independent risk factors for CT abnormalities at baseline. The age ≥ 47 years, presence of interlobular septal thickening and IL-6 ≥ 5.85 pg/mL were the independent risk factors for residual pulmonary abnormalities at 1-month follow-up. For residual abnormalities group, the patients with less consolidations and more parenchymal bands at baseline could progress on CT score after 1 month. There were no significant changes in the number of involved lung lobes and total CT score during the early convalescent stage. Conclusion The higher IL-6 level was a common independent risk factor for CT abnormalities at baseline and residual pulmonary abnormalities at 1-month follow-up. There were no obvious radiographic changes during the early convalescent stage in patients with residual pulmonary abnormalities.

Objective:To evaluate the correlation between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory markers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with depressive symptoms.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study. RA patients' medical history were recorded and disease activity was evaluated. Serum BDNF, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were tested and clinical inflammatory indicators such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen (FIB), serum amyloid A (SAA) were recorded. RA patients were instructed to fill in the patient health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale by themselves. Patients with a score greater than or equal to 5 were included in the RA with depressive symptoms group, and patients with a score of 4 or less were included in the RA without depressive symptoms group. The changes in BDNF and inflammatory indexes were compared between the two groups. Correlation analysis of PHQ-9, BDNF, inflammatory markers and DAS28 was performed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to find the risk factors of depression in RA.Results:A total of 140 RA patients were enrolled in this study, and 66 patients (47.1%) with a PHQ-9 score greater than or equal to 5 were included in the RA with depressive symptoms group. Compared with the RA without depressive symptoms group, RA patients with high disease activity, single and living alone, poor economic self-awareness and unemployed were more likely to have depressive symptoms. The serum level of BDNF[(2 276±333) pg/ml vs (1 367±431) pg/ml, t=13.91, P<0.001], IL-6[(39±28) pg/ml vs (27±8) pg/ml, t=3.66, P<0.001], TNF-α[(9.0±7.2) pg/ml vs (6.6±3.9)pg/ml, t=2.43, P=0.035], CRP[(25±13) mg/L vs (17±11) mg/L, t=3.94, P<0.001], ESR[(48±18) mm/1 h vs (34±21) mm/1 h, t=4.14, P=0.024], Fib[(3.8±1.1) g/L vs (3.0±0.5) g/L, t=5.92, P=0.023], SAA[(64±39) mg/L vs (37±19) mg/L, t=5.32, P<0.001] in RA with depressive symptoms group were significantly higher than those in RA without depressive symptoms group. Serum BDNF was significantly positively correlated with PHQ-9 score ( r=0.66, P<0.001), IL-6( r=0.20, P=0.019), TNF-α ( r=0.14, P=0.090), CRP ( r=0.32, P<0.001), ESR ( r=0.20, P= 0.001), Fib ( r=0.28, P=0.001), SAA( r=0.28, P=0.001) and DAS28 ( r=0.37, P<0.001) . BDNF [ OR (95% CI) =1.578(1.257, 2.354), P=0.001], IL-6[ OR (95% CI) =1.073(1.012, 1.075), P=0.006], CRP[ OR(95% CI)=1.085(1.045, 1.178), P=0.001], SAA[ OR(95% CI)=1.125(1.004, 1.198), P=0.018] and unemployment were risk factors for depressive symptoms in RA. Conclusion:Serum BDNF is positively correlated with PHQ-9 scores, inflammatory markers and disease activity in RA patients. BDNF, IL-6, CRP, SAA and unemployment are risk factors for depressive symptoms in RA. Effective treatment of RA can reduce the occurrence of depression symptoms.

Objective:To evaluate the changes in the systemic circulation and microcirculation in the patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia in Xining area.Methods:A total of 27 patients, aged 18-60 yr, underwent gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia in Xining area (2 260 m), of long lived (more than two generations) Han nationality, with no alternating life between plateau and plain, with no cardiopulmonary abnormalities, were enrolled.Anesthesia was induced with midazolam, sufentanil, etomidate, and cisatracurium and maintained with propofol, remifentanil and cisatracurium.At 5 min before induction of anesthesia (T 1), 10 min after induction of anesthesia (T 2), 1 h after start of operation (T 3), immediately after the end of operation (T 4), and 30 min after recovery from anesthesia (T 5), systemic circulation indexes including cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variability (SVV), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and sublingual microcirculation indexes including total vascular density (TVD), perfused vessel density (PVD), portion of perfused vessels (PPV), and microvascular flow index (MFI) were determined by sidestream dark field imaging. Results:Systemic circulation Compared with the baseline at T 1, CO and HR were significantly decreased at T 2-4, SVV was decreased at T 5, SVRI was increased at T 3 and T 4, and MAP was decreased at T 2 ( P<0.05). Compared with those at T 2, CO and SV were significantly increased at T 5, SVV was decreased at T 5, SVRI was increased at T 3 and T 4, and MAP was increased at T 4 and T 5 ( P<0.05). Compared with those at T 3, SV was significantly decreased at T 4, CO was increased at T 5, and SVV and SVRI were decreased at T 5 ( P<0.05); Compared with those at T 4, CO, SV and HR were significantly increased at T 5, and SVV and SVRI were decreased at T 5 ( P<0.05). Microcirculation Compared with those at T 1, TVD, PVD, PPV and MFI were significantly decreased at T 2-4, and PPV and MFI were decreased at T 5 ( P<0.05). Compared with those at T 2, TVD was significantly increased at T 5, PVD was increased at T 4 and T 5, and PPV was increased at T 3 and T 4 ( P<0.05). TVD was significantly higher at T 5 than at T 3( P<0.05). TVD was significantly higher at T 5 than at T 4 ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The density of microcirculation and blood flow rate are decreased after induction of general anesthesia and during anesthesia operation, which are most significant at the initial stage after induction, and decoupling between systemic circulation and microcirculation occurs during operation and anesthesia resuscitation in the patients at high altitude.

Objective:To investigate the infiltration of B10 cells in the anastomotic tissue after choledochojejunostomy by establishing a rat model of choledochojejunostomy.Methods:24 male SPF SD rats aged 6 weeks and weighing 180-200 g were randomly divided into control group, 1-week group, 2-week group and 4-week group, with 6 samples in each group. The rats were killed at different time after operation to obtain the anastomotic tissue and peripheral blood. The changes of anastomotic diameter were measured. The changes of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood were determined by ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of B10 cells in peripheral blood and tissues around the anastomotic site. The formation of anastomotic scar was evaluated by histopathological section. IL-10 and TGF-β1 gene expression were detected by qPCR. The measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as ( Mean± SD). Analysis of variance was used to compare the measurement data of multiple groups. T test was used to compare the measurement data between the two groups. Results:The diameter of anastomotic stoma gradually narrowed with time after choledochojejunostomy, which was(2.7± 0.3) mm at the 4st week after operation; However, liver function and inflammation index reached the peak at the 2st week after operation, and then gradually returned to normal level; The proportion of B10 cells in peripheral blood did not change significantly in each period after operation, but the infiltration of B10 cells in anastomotic tissue increased significantly, which was significantly higher than that in the control group at the first week after operation [(16.6±4.0)% vs (1.1±0.3)%, P<0.05], and it was still higher than that of the control group at the 4st week after operation [(7.5±1.3)% vs (1.1±0.3)%, P<0.05]; The pathological staining of anastomotic tissue showed that with the passage of time, the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the bile duct wall increased, the proliferation of collagen fibers, the thickening of bile duct wall, and then led to scar formation; Expression of IL-10 and TGF-1β in anastomotic tissue after operation. At the 4st week after operation, IL-10 gene expression was still higher than that of the control group [(1.4±0.6) vs (0.5±0.2), P<0.05], the gene expression of TGF-1β was increased continuously and was higher than that of the control group [(3.9±0.9) vs (0.3±0.2), P<0.05]. Conclusion:The content of B10 cells in the anastomotic tissue of rats after choledochojejunostomy is significantly increased, and the expression of IL-10 gene is high, which may play a role in regulating local scar formation.