Background: Early marriage is a formal or informal marriage performed under the age of 19 years. In Indonesia, cases of early marriage have always been a strategic issue that needs to be addressed because it will have a long-term impact on the health of mothers and children. Objective: The study aimed to analyze the relationship of education, knowledge, perception, family support, and socio-culture to early marriage behavior in women in Banjar Regency. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using Fisher exact test with a 95% confidence level. The education variable was measured based on the respondent's highest educational level. The knowledge variable was measured using a multiple-choice questionnaire. The variable of perception used a list of statements with a Likert scale. Family support and socio-cultural variables use questionnaires with two choices (Yes/No). Results: The results of the analysis of 31 respondents using Fisher's exact test showed education (p-value = 1.000), knowledge (p-value = 0.097), perception (not identified), family support (p-value = 0.237), and socio-culture (p-value=0.296). Conclusion There is no relationship between education, knowledge, perception, family support, and socio-culture on early marriage behavior in Banjar Regency. This is because there are many factors that influence early marriage behavior that cannot be investigated in this study, such as attitude, economics, peer support, community leaders, and others.
Education ; Learning ; Perception ; Family Support

Objective: To explore the relationship of social support to patients with schizophrenia, family burden with patients' quality of life and family life satisfaction. Methods: Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to select 358 patients with schizophrenia and 358 patients' family members in Gansu Province who met the inclusion criteria were included. The Social Support Rating Scale, Family Burden Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Quality of Life Scale were used in the survey. AMOS 24.0 was used to explore the pathway of influence of family burden on social support to patients with schizophrenia, patients' quality of life and patients' family life satisfaction. Results: There was a two-by-two significant correlation between patients' access to social support, family burden, patients' life quality and family life satisfaction (P<0.05), and the total score of the social support scale negatively predicted the total score of the life quality scale (β=-0.28, P<0.05) and positively predicted the total score of the life satisfaction scale (β=0.52, P<0.05). Family burden was a full mediator between the social support to the patient and the patient's quality of life, and as a partial mediator between the social support to the patient and the family's life satisfaction. Conclusions: Social support to people with schizophrenia is a significant predictor of their quality of life and family life satisfaction. Family burden mediates the relationship of social support to patients with their quality of life and family life satisfaction. Interventions can focus on increasing social support for the patient and reducing the burden on the patient's family to improve the patient's quality of life and increase the satisfaction of the patient's family.
Humans ; Patient Satisfaction ; Quality of Life ; Schizophrenia ; Family Relations ; Social Support

This descriptive correlational study determined the level of hope and spiritual wellbeing among Filipino caregivers of terminally-ill cancer patients, and the relationship of hope and spiritual wellbeing to various patient and caregiver characteristics. The study involved 50 caregivers of terminally-ill-cancer patients, mostly belonging to 51-60 age group (42%) with mean age of 44 years (SD=15), mostly females (72%), married (62%), Roman Catholic (90%), high school graduates (50%), spouses of patients (28%), with an average of 18.36 hours of caregiving in a day for an average duration of 21.4 months. The hope and spirituality scores of caregivers were 3.24 (SD=0.28) and 3.25 (SD=0.46) respectively. Caregivers had high self-efficacy (3.29) but low social support (1.72). Patient's age was moderately correlated with caregiver's hope (r=0.3; p=0.03). Caregiver's educational attainment was significantly associated with hope (p<0.01) and spiritual wellbeing (p<0.01). Caregiver's self-efficacy was moderately correlated with their spiritual wellbeing (r=0.46, p<0.01). Caregiver's hopes were (1) for their patients to get well and recover from their illness, (2) to have strong spiritual faith and be healed with God's help (3) to be hopeful and positive, (4) hope for longer life, (5) resumption of family relations, and (6) free of pain and other discomforts. Caregivers' thoughts on spiritual wellbeing were to have: (1) stronger faith, (2) being prayerful, and (3) being positive. Compared to other studies, Filipino caregivers had lower hope scores, but higher spiritual wellbeing scores. Nursing interventions promoting hope and spiritual wellbeing should be conducted in patients' room, clinic appointments, or during home visits. Nursing care promoting hope and spiritual wellbeing should be part of patients' activities for daily living.
Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Caregivers ; Spirituality ; Family Relations ; Spouses ; Self Efficacy ; Catholicism ; Patients' ; Rooms ; House Calls ; Terminally Ill ; Hope ; Marriage ; Spiritual Therapies ; Social Support ; Neoplasms ; Pain ; Schools

OBJECTIVES: To understand medical students' mental health, professional pride, and intention to work in the front-line during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and provide a reference for psychological intervention. METHODS: We used the depression-anxiety-stress scale and self-designed questionnaire on professional pride, intention to work in the front-line and the extent of family support. Medical students from 4 medical schools in Fujian and Hunan were investigated. Their mental health status, professional pride and first-line work willingness with different characteristics were compared, and the influential factors for professional pride and first-line work willingness were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 266 valid questionnaires were collected. During the pandemic, there were significant differences in the proportion of depressed students among different college and universities, majors and stages (<0.05), and the professional pride was significantly different (<0.001). Medical students with different mental health status showed significant differences in professional pride (<0.01). Marriage, pressure and extent of family support were the influential factors for their professional pride (<0.05). The latter two were also influential factors for their intention to work in the front-line (<0.05). CONCLUSIONS During the pandemic, students from college and nursing have relatively better mental health and higher professional pride. The professional pride is low in medical students who married, with abnormal stress or low family support. The intention to work in front-line is decreased in students with abnormal stress or low family support.
Betacoronavirus ; China ; Coronavirus Infections ; psychology ; Family ; Humans ; Intention ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; psychology ; Professionalism ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological ; Students, Medical ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: When it comes to cancer care, the psychological well-being of family caregivers has gotten its deserved attention. However, the specific roles that the family caregivers take have not been examined as much. The current study aimed to investigate the distribution of family caregivers' roles, particularly in a family-oriented culture, Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 439 participants was recruited from 11 national and regional cancer centers in Korea. The participants who were 60 years old or above went through treatments for their gastric, colorectal, or lung cancer. The individual survey included questions regarding the family type, living arrangement, and the sources of support when it comes to their physical, emotional, financial, and decision-making needs. RESULTS: The responses from the participants showed that cancer caregiving is shared by multiple family caregivers; the major source of support for elderly cancer patients on diverse domains was their spouse; patients' reliance on their daughter(s) increased for emotional support; and patients' reliance on their son(s) stood out for financial support and decision-making support. Also, the older the patients were, the heavier their reliance was on the adult children, including sons, daughters, and daughters-in-law. CONCLUSION: Future support programs for elderly cancer patients are suggested to involve multiple family caregivers to encourage effective and efficient intervention. Also, the limitations of the current study and the suggestions for future research are discussed.
Adult Children ; Aged ; Caregivers ; Financial Support ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung Neoplasms ; Nuclear Family ; Republic of Korea ; Residence Characteristics ; Spouses

Biopsychosocial (BPS) approach to care is essential in family practice. Teaching this approach in family medicine is usually highlighted in family case presentations and counseling sessions. Little is done in showing how the biopsychosocial approach can be used in the day to day family practice. This article discusses the development of a learning tool called the PFC matrix which is a patient-centered, family-focused and community-oriented approach to care for individual patients and their families. The patient-centered care utilizes understanding of the interplay of biomedical psychosocial factors disease in order to implement management that is tailor-fitted to the needs and values of the patient. The family-focused component of the matrix utilizes family assessment to generate assumptions on how the family dynamics affect or facilitate the prescribed management of the patient’s disease. Lastly, the community-oriented component enables the family physician to use social determinants of health and health systems as a lens to understand how larger systems support or hinder the provision of care. Through the use of this matrix, the family physician is able to manage the patient in a holistic manner by recognizing patient needs, creating an enabling family support environment and helping the patient and family navigate various community resources. This results not only in optimal health for the patient but impacts to create a more responsive health system. In the future, further documentation of the use of the PFC matrix particularly in primary care in the light of universal health care and how it impacts on outcomes and how it connects patients and families at the correct tiers of the health system.
Patient-Centered Care ; Humans ; Physicians, Family ; Family Practice ; Family Support ; Counseling

PURPOSE: As the recent term of “financial toxicity” implies, cancer causes a treatment-related financial harm. Financial Aid Program for Cancer Patient (FAPCP) is a government’s financial support for low-income patients in the Republic of Korea. This study aimed to describe FAPCP applicants’ condition and to investigate factors influencing financial burden, which would provide the basis for implementing a strategy for FAPCP administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The telephone survey results from 2,700 FAPCP participants were analyzed, including demographic, socioeconomic, and disease characteristics and experiences associated with financial burden and the actions or measures to cope with them. RESULTS: Overall, 87.6% experienced financial burden more than moderate degree, 39.2% got financial help/a loan, 17.8% disposed of their property, and 10.2% changed or stopped treatment owing to medical costs. Monthly household income was connected to financial burden, and the highest income group was associated with the lowest financial burden (odds ratio [OR], 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11 to 0.38) and the lowest rate of changing/stopping care (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.05 to 1.00). Parents of childhood cancer patients got financial help/a loan (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.03 to 4.88) and disposed of their property (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.40 to 7.22) more frequently, and Medical Aids applicants showed the highest rate of changing/stopping care (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.89 to 4.78). CONCLUSION: FAPCP targets low income groups; however, financial burden and the consequent actions taken still exist disproportionately, depending on the income of the applicants. FAPCP should focus on more vulnerable groups including Medical Aid applicants and parents of childhood cancer patients, by increasing funds and expanding their support coverage.
Family Characteristics ; Financial Management ; Financial Support ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Parents ; Public Assistance ; Republic of Korea* ; Telephone

Over the past 30 years, fertility treatments including fertility enhancing drugs, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization (IVF) have been revolutionized. Thus, worldwide, more than 5 million children have been born after assisted reproductive technology (ART) and domestically, it was announced that 2.83% of all births in 2011 were associated with financial support from the National Supporting Program for the Subfertile (NSPS) administered by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare (KMHW). As more women seek for fertility treatment, there is growing concern about the safety of the methods. In this review, we aim to summarize the literature on the association between fertility treatment and congenital malformations with respect to subfertility, fertility enhancing medications, and different ART methods. To sum up, although ARTs are associated with slight increase in some malformations, it appears that the increase in congenital malformations is due less to ART methods per se than to the biological perturbations that generated the infertility necessitated ART to achieve pregnancy. And no particular organ system seems disproportionately affected. It is often instructive to remind all couples attempting pregnancy that the baseline malformation rate is 2~3%, compared with 3~4% in ART.
Child ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Financial Support ; Humans ; Infertility* ; Insemination, Artificial ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of predictive factors related to family strength and develop a structural equation model that explains family strength among married working women. METHODS: A hypothesized model was developed based on literature reviews and predictors of family strength by Yoo. This constructed model was built of an eight pathway form. Two exogenous variables included in this model were ego-resilience and family support. Three endogenous variables included in this model were functional couple communication, family stress and family strength. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire from 319 married working women who were 30~40 of age and lived in cities of Chungnam province in Korea. Data were analyzed with PASW/WIN 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. RESULTS: Family support had a positive direct, indirect and total effect on family strength. Family stress had a negative direct, indirect and total effect on family strength. Functional couple communication had a positive direct and total effect on family strength. These predictive variables of family strength explained 61.8% of model. CONCLUSION: The results of the study show a structural equation model for family strength of married working women and that predicting factors for family strength are family support, family stress, and functional couple communication. To improve family strength of married working women, the results of this study suggest nursing access and mediative programs to improve family support and functional couple communication, and reduce family stress.
Adult ; Family Characteristics ; Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; Marriage ; *Models, Theoretical ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Women, Working/*psychology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study, which was guided by the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation, was twofold: (a) to explore family and parental adaptation and factors influencing family adaptation in Korean families of children with Down syndrome (DS) through a quantitative methodology and (b) to understand the life with a Korean child with DS through a qualitative method. METHODS: A mixed-methods design was adopted. A total of 147 parents of children with DS completed a package of questionnaires, and 19 parents participated in the in-depth interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression and content analysis respectively. RESULTS: According to the quantitative data, the overall family adaptation scores indicated average family functioning. Financial status was an important variable in understanding both family and parental adaptation. Family adaptation was best explained by family problem solving and coping communication, condition management ability, and family hardiness. Family strains and family hardiness were the family factors with the most influence on parental adaption. Qualitative data analysis showed that family life with a child with DS encompassed both positive and negative aspects and was expressed with 5 themes, 10 categories, and 16 sub-categories. CONCLUSION: Results of this study expand our limited knowledge and understanding concerning families of children with DS in Korea and can be used to develop effective interventions to improve the adaptation of family as a unit as well as parental adaptation.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Down Syndrome/*diagnosis ; Family/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parents/psychology ; Regression Analysis ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult