BACKGROUND: Blepharoptosis is the drooping of the margin of the upper eyelid, which narrows the palpebral fissure and makes it difficult to open the eye. Various surgical methods are used to correct blepharoptosis and have been investigated in different studies. After surgery, blepharoptosis can relapse over time, which affects a patient’s satisfaction with the operation. However, few studies have investigated the long-term outcomes of patients after blepharoptosis surgery. METHODS: From 1991 to 2013, 325 patients (480 eyelids) underwent frontalis muscle transfer or Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement in our clinic. We analyzed 12 patients (13 eyelids) with severe ptosis who had been followed-up for more than 5 years. Six patients underwent frontalis muscle transfer for the correction of seven eyelids, while Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement was performed on six patients (six eyelids). The marginal reflex distance (MRD1), area of corneal exposure (ACE), and height of the eyebrow were used to analyze the objective outcomes, and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory questionnaire was used for the analysis of subjective patient satisfaction. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the MRD1, ACE, and eyebrow height between the two methods used to correct ptosis. However, over the long-term (>5 years), the MRD1, ACE, and eyebrow height were better maintained in patients who underwent Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement than in patients who received frontalis muscle transfer. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgeries were effective for blepharoptosis correction. However, Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement was better for long-term maintenance after surgery than frontalis muscle transfer.
Blepharoplasty ; Blepharoptosis ; Eyebrows ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Patient Satisfaction ; Recurrence ; Reflex

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a PC-based facial asymmetry assessment program (PC-FAAP) and to compare the results of PC-FAAP with subjective regional scoring by raters in acute unilateral peripheral facial nerve paralysis (FNP). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Participants were divided into 3 groups with 8 participants per group: group I, normal; group II, mild to moderate FNP; and group III, severe FNP. Using the PC-FAAP, the mouth asymmetry ratio (MAR), eyebrow asymmetry ratio (EAR), and complete eye closure asymmetry ratio (CAR) were calculated by comparing the movement of tracking points on both sides. The FNP grading scale (FGS) integrated each score, and the scores were weighted with a ratio of 5:3:2 (MAR:CAR:EAR). Subjective regional scoring was measured on a 0-100 scale score by three otologists. PC-FAAP and subjective scoring were compared in each group regarding the consistency of the results. RESULTS: The mean scores of the MAR, EAR, CAR, and FGS of each group were significantly different. PC-FAAP showed significant differences between the three groups in terms of MAR, EAC, CAR, and FGS. PC-FAAP showed more consistent results than subjective assessment (p < 0.001). The PC-FAAP was significantly more consistent in group I and group III (p < 0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). FGS in group III was the only parameter that showed a more consistent result in PC-FAAP than the subjective scoring (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: An FNP grading system using a PC-based program may provide more consistent results, especially for severe forms.
Ear ; Eyebrows ; Facial Asymmetry ; Facial Nerve ; Mouth ; Paralysis

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED) is a rare hereditary disorder with a triad of sparse hair, dental hypoplasia, and anhidrosis. Here we report a case of AED with food allergy and atopic eczema. The patient was a 11-month-old boy admitted to our hospital with pyrexia for 2 weeks. He presented with a history of dry skin, eczema, and food allergy to egg. On clinical examination, his body temperature was 38.8°C, with dry skin and eczema almost all over the body, sparse eyebrows, and scalp hair. Laboratory investigations and physical examination did not show any evidence of infection. Radioallergosorbent test was positive to egg yolk, egg white, ovomucoid, milk, house dust, and house dust mite. As the child did not sweat despite the high fever, we performed the sweat test which revealed a total lack of sweat glands. Genetic examination revealed a mutation of the EDA gene and he was diagnosed as AED. His pyrexia improved upon cooling with ice and fan. His mother had lost 8 teeth and her sweat test demonstrated low sweating, suggestive of her being a carrier of AED. Atopy and immune deficiencies have been shown to have a higher prevalence in patients with AED. Disruption of the skin barrier in patients with AED make them more prone to allergic diseases such as atopic eczema, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and food allergy. Careful assessment of the familial history is essential to differentiate AED when examining patients with pyrexia of unknown origin and comorbid allergic diseases.
Asthma ; Body Temperature ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Dust ; Ectodermal Dysplasia ; Eczema ; Egg White ; Egg Yolk ; Eyebrows ; Fever ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Hair ; Humans ; Hypohidrosis ; Ice ; Infant ; Male ; Milk ; Mothers ; Ovomucin ; Ovum ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Pyroglyphidae ; Radioallergosorbent Test ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Scalp ; Skin ; Sweat ; Sweat Glands ; Sweating ; Tooth

No abstract available.
Blister ; Eyebrows ; Hair ; Suction ; Transplants ; Vitiligo

BACKGROUND: Conventional upper blepharoplasty through a supratarsal incision is commonly performed for periorbital rejuvenation. However, the drawbacks of this technique include insufficient removal of lateral hooding and an unnatural postoperative appearance. Subbrow upper blepharoplasty with submuscular fascia fixation was developed to avoid these shortcomings. Herein, we report our experiences with this technique and present an objective analysis of the results. METHODS: Subbrow upper blepharoplasty was performed in 30 patients between June 2016 and October 2017. All patients had preoperative frontal view photographs, and the distance from the upper lid margin to the lower edge of the eyebrow was measured at the lateral limbus (LBD-L). RESULTS: Between preoperative and postoperative measurements, the LBD-L was shortened by an average of 0.800 and 0.833 mm on the right and left, respectively (P=0.047 and P=0.070). Most patients were satisfied with their aesthetic appearance and the improvement of their visual field. CONCLUSIONS: The lid-to-brow distance was minimally changed by the procedure, but the results were aesthetically favorable. This seemingly paradoxical finding is explained by the characteristics of the surgical procedure and the related anatomy. Among the various possible blepharoplasty techniques, subbrow upper blepharoplasty with submuscular fascia fixation has definite value for Asians.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blepharoplasty ; Eyebrows ; Eyelids ; Fascia ; Humans ; Rejuvenation ; Visual Fields

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multisystemic disorder that is characterized by mental retardation, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, limb anomalies, and distinctive facial features, which include arched eyebrows that often meet in the middle (synophrys), long eyelashes, low-set ears, small and widely spaced teeth, and a small and upturned nose. Ophthalmic manifestations include long eyelashes, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, myopia, ptosis, and strabismus. There has been no report of surgical treatment for esotropia and unilateral ptosis in patients with CdLS in Korea. I report a patient with CdLS who underwent surgical treatment for esotropia and unilateral ptosis with a good surgical outcome.
De Lange Syndrome ; Ear ; Esotropia ; Extremities ; Eyebrows ; Eyelashes ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Korea ; Myopia ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; Nose ; Strabismus ; Tooth

Osteomas are benign, slow-growing osteogenic lesions frequently found in the craniomaxillofacial region. They can be classified as peripheral, central, or extraskeletal. Reactive mechanisms to trauma or infection, as well as muscle traction, are thought to play a major role in the development of peripheral osteomas. In the present report, a 41-year-old woman presented with a slow-growing, painless mass on her left eyebrow. She had suffered trauma 15 years prior. In the computed tomography scan, a 2.5 × 2 × 0.7-cm radio-opaque tumor was detected just medial to the left supraorbital foramen, and a peripheral osteoma was clinically diagnosed. An elective operation under general anesthesia was planned. Following a suprabrow incision, subcutaneous and intramuscular dissection was performed. In the surgical plane deep to the corrugator muscles and superficial to periosteum, a branch of the supratrochlear nerve was encountered and preserved using a vessel loop. The osteoma beneath the periosteum was extracted in multiple fragments using a chisel and mallet to minimize trauma to the nerve. Contour and facial symmetry were corrected. To use a suprabrow incision, the surgeon must understand neighboring anatomical structures, including the course of the supratrochlear and supraorbital neurovascular bundles. When these structures are located adjacent to tumor lesions, careful surgical maneuvers should be performed to preserve them.
Adult ; Anesthesia, General ; Eyebrows ; Female ; Forehead ; Humans ; Muscles ; Osteoma ; Periosteum ; Traction

Phthirus pubis usually infests the pubis, groin, buttocks and perianal region. It can sometimes infest the thighs, abdomen, chest, axillae and beard. Eyelashes and eyebrows may be involved in children. The involvement of the scalp is very rare. We describe a case of P. pubis infestation located exclusively on the scalp in an adult woman. Neither lice/nits nor skin lesions were observed elsewhere, including eyebrows, eyelashes, axillae, pubis, buttocks and perianal region (the patient was hairless in the axillae and pubis). A review of the literature is enclosed.
Abdomen ; Adult ; Axilla ; Buttocks ; Child ; Eyebrows ; Eyelashes ; Female ; Groin ; Humans ; Phthirus ; Pubic Bone ; Scalp ; Skin ; Thigh ; Thorax

BACKGROUND: Forehead flaps are useful for facial reconstruction. Studies of these flaps have mostly focused on the results of the reconstruction. However, due to the scarring and changes on the forehead caused by the median forehead flap (MFF), surgeons may be reluctant to perform this flap. Research into the donor site is needed for practical purposes. METHODS: We examined 42 patients who underwent an MFF at Pusan National University Hospital from 1996 to 2016. Based on a retrospective chart review, we examined the occurrence of complications. We also evaluated scars on the forehead using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and assessed changes in the eyebrow position of 22 patients. RESULTS: No complications occurred in the 42 patients. The mean VSS score of the 22 patients was 2.8±0.79. The ratio of the height of the eyebrow on each side to the distance between the medial canthi increased postoperatively, meaning that both the left and right brows were elevated slightly (P=0.026 and P=0.014). However, the symmetry between the left and right sides did not change (P=0.979). The ratio of the interbrow distance to the distance between the medial canthi decreased slightly, meaning that the interbrow distance narrowed mildly (P < 0.001). Moreover, there were no noticeable changes in the brow position as seen in a photo overlay. CONCLUSIONS: There were no notable complications in the forehead. Forehead scarring was acceptable. No change in brow symmetry was observed via photographic measurements and a photo overlay. Therefore, we propose that the MFF is a useful choice for minimizing scarring or deformation of the donor site.
Busan ; Cicatrix ; Eyebrows ; Forehead* ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgeons ; Surgical Flaps ; Tissue Donors*

Varying degrees of complications can occur after hyaluronic acid filler injections. Tissue necrosis due to interruption of the vascular supply is an early complication that can be severe. If the site of tissue necrosis due to the filler injection is the forehead, successfully reconstructing the region without distorting the key landmarks is challenging. We describe the case of a 50-year-old man who experienced widespread forehead skin necrosis after hyaluronic acid filler injection in the glabellar area. We successfully covered the forehead area with a 3×4-cm² midline necrotic tissue using the modified double-opposing rotation-advancement flap method. Although modified double-opposing rotation-advancement flap closure has the disadvantage of leaving a longer scar compared to conventional double-opposing rotation-advancement flap closure, the additional incision line made along the superior border of the eyebrow aids in camouflaging the scar and decreases eyebrow distortion. Therefore, it is believed that the modified double-opposing rotation-advancement flap technique is an excellent tool for providing adequate soft tissue coverage and minimal free margin distortion when reconstructing widespread skin necrosis in the central mid-lower forehead that can occur after filler injection in the glabellar area.
Cicatrix ; Dermal Fillers ; Eyebrows ; Forehead* ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis* ; Skin* ; Surgical Flaps