INTRODUCTION

Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection with a two-fold increased risk of mortality. This study described the risk factors affecting clinical outcomes of confirmed COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines.

METHOD

This retrospective study included 204 patients with COVID-19 (34 with known type 2 diabetes and 2 with new-onset diabetes) from March to October 2020. Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed in subjects with diabetes. A univariate logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the patient’s risk factors associated with mortality or poor prognosis.

RESULTS

Moderate COVID-19 infection occurred in 52.8% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and critical COVID-19 infection in 27.8%. All patients with critical COVID-19 infection presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome, half had concomitant septic shock and respiratory failure was observed in 27.8%. The average length of hospital stay was approximately 17.5 days. T2DM patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are 5.1 times (95% CI 1.2 to 21.4) more likely to develop severe or critical COVID-19 infection, and more likely to stay in the hospital for more than 14 days. HbA1c >8.5% is a potential risk (OR = 3.7, 0.6 to 21.6) for severe to critical disease. T2DM patients with concomitant coronary artery disease are 7.6 times (95% CI 1.3 to 43.4) more likely to stay longer (more than 14 days) as compared to those without existing coronary artery disease. Prior statin use was a significant risk factor for ICU admission (p-value 0.0341). Other potential risk factors affecting clinical outcomes are obesity (OR 3, 0.4 to 22.7), prior use of thiazolidinedione (OR 7.8, 0.5 to 126.7) or sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (OR 7.5, 0.4 to 145) and prior use of anti-thrombotic (OR 4.6, 0.4 to 56.8). The recovery rate of T2DM patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection was 86.1%.

CONCLUSION

Patients with T2DM are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. The presence of established ASCVD increases the likelihood of severe COVID-19 disease as well as longer length of hospital stay for more than 14 days. Early recognition and prompt treatment led to a favorable recovery rate.

Human ; Covid-19 ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

INTRODUCTION

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is generally considered to be an indolent disease with relatively good prognosis. However, some studies have shown that the Filipino population has a higher risk for disease recurrence compared to non-Filipino patients and hence early identification and management during the follow-up period would be beneficial, especially those in whom risk factors for recurrence were identified.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to identify determinants for disease recurrence of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (as defined by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines 2015) diagnosed from January 1, 2013-December 31, 2017, seen at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital (USTH) outpatient endocrine clinic and underwent total thyroidectomy with or without radioactive iodine ablation therapy.

METHODOLOGY

Retrospective review of outpatient medical records of 82 patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy and achieved excellent response (ER) to therapy was performed. Baseline clinical profile such as age at diagnosis, sex, family history of thyroid cancer, family history of goiter, histopathology result, serial thyroglobulin (Tg), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) levels, whole body scan reports, neck ultrasound reports and RAI doses were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants to the development of worsening response.

RESULTS

Of the 82 patients, 18 (21.9%) developed worsening response to therapy. Predictors of poor outcomes identified from previous studies such as age, sex, extent of disease, size and multifocality of tumors, ATA risk classification and initial dynamic risk assessment, RAI therapy, level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression were analyzed. After logistic regression analysis, there was no significant association between variables and progression to worsening response that were previously identified in other studies.

CONCLUSION

Even though no significant association between investigated variables and worsening response were identified in this study, previous studies with larger populations that had exhibited positive association should be considered and hence current Philippine guidelines for the management of PTC must still be applied.

Human ; Thyroid Cancer ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary

BACKGROUND

Patients with diabetes are vulnerable and highly susceptible to contracting COVID-19. Stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) may provide prognostic information in hospitalized patients. It is debatable whether stress hyperglycemia directly leads to poor outcomes, or is simply a marker of increased stress and inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates whether high SHR is associated with poor clinical outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and moderate to critical COVID-19 infection. Moreover, this study aims to compare high SHR versus absolute hyperglycemia as a predictor of poor outcomes.

METHODOLOGY

A chart review was conducted on 146 COVID-19 patients with T2DM from March 2020 to December 2021. The area under the receiver operating curve was conducted to categorize SHR into low and high levels. The association of high SHR levels and absolute hyperglycemia with outcomes was analyzed using the regression analysis. Survival analysis was also utilized to allow differences in the time when in-hospital mortality occurred.

RESULT

Patients with high SHR had a significantly higher proportion of mortality and invasive ventilation compared to those with low SHR. High SHR significantly increased the likelihood of invasive ventilation by 16.49 times and mortality hazards by 5.70 times compared to low SHR. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that those with high SHR had significantly lower survival rates than those with low SHR. In contrast, the survival estimates between those with and without absolute hyperglycemia were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

High SHR (>1.082) was associated with poorer outcomes, increased invasive mechanical ventilatory support and increased mortality.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Covid-19

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern leading to significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly population. However, this disease is underdiagnosed and, as a result, undertreated. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of physicians in the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis, which would help identify key areas of improvement in the care of patients with this disease. One hundred and nine physicians answered an online questionnaire looking at their KAP on the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis, and their answers were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and the Chi-square test. More than half of the participants obtained satisfactory scores on knowledge, and majority had neutral to positive attitude regarding osteoporosis. A statistically significant correlation was seen between having low knowledge and negative attitudes on osteoporosis screening and management.

Objectives: COVID-19 exacerbates the long-standing, low-grade chronic inflammation observed in diabetes leading to heightened insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Mortality increases with hyperglycemia and poor glycemic variability, hence, this study aims to identify the predictors associated with poor glycemic control and increased glucose variability among patients with COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methodology: A retrospective chart review of 109 patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and T2DM admitted from March 2020 to June 2021 was done. Logistic regression was done to determine predictors for hyperglycemia and poor variability. Results: Of the 109 patients, 78% had hyperglycemia and poor variability and 22% had no poor outcomes. Chronic kidney disease (eOR 2.83, CI [1.07-7.46], p=0.035) was associated with increased glycemic variability. In contrast, increasing eGFR level (eOR 0.97, CI [0.96-0.99], p=0.004) was associated with less likelihood of increased variability. Hs-CRP (eOR 1.01, CI [1.00-1.01], p=0.011), HbA1c (eOR 1.86, CI [1.23-2.82], p=0.003), severe COVID-19 (eOR 8.91, CI [1.77-44.94], p=0.008) and critical COVID-19 (eOR 4.42, CI [1.65-11.75], p=0.003) were associated with hyperglycemia. Steroid use (eOR 71.17, CI [8.53-593.54], p<0.001) showed the strongest association with hyperglycemia. Conclusion Potential clinical, laboratory and inflammatory profiles were identified as predictors for poor glycemic control and variability outcomes. HbA1c, hs-CRP, and COVID-19 severity are predictors of hyperglycemia. Likewise, chronic kidney disease is a predictor of increased glycemic variability.
COVID-19 ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Hyperglycemia ; Risk Factors

Purpose: To connect didactic learning to clinical application is a challenging task both for the teachers and students. Target-Oriented Clinical Skill Enhancement (TOCSE) is a teaching and learning tool that integrates basic medical sciences at the clinical level. The authors sought to determine if TOCSE is effective in bridging didactic knowledge to clinical skill and enhancing the clinical performance of fourth year medical students.

Method: Between March 2021 and June 2021, in an online platform, the authors randomly allocated 141 fourth year medical students into the experimental (n=12 groups; n=63) and control groups (n=12 groups; n=78). Participants in the experimental group underwent the TOCSE module workshop while the control group utilized the standard method of teaching. The actively teaching faculty staff blinded of group allocation were invited to assess case presentations using a standardized rubric. A survey was done by the students (experimental and control) to evaluate how they perceived TOCSE to their performance and learning. Independent parametric t-test was performed to compare the clinical skill scores between the two groups.

Results: The experimental group had a mean clinical skill score of 35.29 (SD=2.64, excellent) while the control group had a mean clinical skill score of 31.96 (SD=4.04, satisfactory). The between-group comparisons using independent t-test indicated that the mean difference of -3.33 clinical skills scores between the experimental and control groups was statistically significant (t=-2.39, p=0.026, 95% CI=-6.22 to -0.45). Moreover, the perceived usefulness score (scale 10 as highest) among the TOCSE presenters (experimental groups) was 8.43 (SD=0.84) and scores among the TOCSE audience (control groups) was comparable at 8.36 (SD=0.71), both of which were interpreted as very helpful.

Conclusion: TOCSE is effective in bridging didactic knowledge to clinical skill and enhancing clinical performance of fourth year medical students.

Clinical Competence ; Refractive Surgical Procedures

Background: The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Philippines has burdened the health care system. Therefore, we compared the standard of care Insulin 30/70 + Insulin Glulisine (Arm B) to a traditional insulin regimen NPH Insulin + Regular Insulin (Arm A) to test the concept that both insulin regimens provide comparable effectiveness and safety in real-world practice. Methods : This is a ‘proof-of-concept,’ prospective, randomized, open label pragmatic study of 40 consecutive Filipino T2DM patients from October 2015 to June 2016. The primary endpoint was a reduction in HbA1c at 12 weeks. The secondary endpoints were changes in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Post Prandial Glucose (PPG), Capillary Blood Sugar (CBS), weight and insulin dose at 12 weeks. ANCOVA and Fisher’s exact tests were used. Results : Patients in treatment arm A showed comparable glycemic control to arm B as measured by reductions in HbA1c (2.89% vs. 2.67%; P = 0.657), FPG (65.94 vs. 46.71 mg/dl; P = 0.57), PPG (76.49 vs. 86.96 mg/dl; P = 0.271) and CBS (115.15 vs. 145.95 mg/dl; P = 0.420). Both treatment arms reported similar weight gain (1.92 vs. 1.22 kg), experienced similar incidence of hypoglycemia (7 vs. 6 patients) and adverse events (AE) (8 vs. 8 patients). Conclusion The traditional combination of NPH Insulin + Regular Insulin offers comparable glycemic control and tolerance as the standard of care without any new safety signals in the Filipino T2DM population. With a lower price, it can be one of the strategies to reduce the fi nancial burden of antidiabetic treatment.
Insulin, Isophane ; Insulin ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Background : Unilateral adrenalectomy has not been recommended in the guidelines as a treatment for primary hyperaldosteronism secondary to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH). Interestingly, recent studies have shown that increased circulation of aldosterone increased oxidative stress, cardiovascular (CV) complications such as atrial fi brillation, myocardial infarction and heart failure; and that unilateral adrenalectomy led to improved CV function. Therefore, recognizing the role of unilateral adrenalectomy in BAH, specifi cally for improved quality of life is important. Clinical case: A 47‐year-old hypertensive (highest blood pressure [BP] 150/90 mmHg) woman had a severe headache, muscle weakness, polyuria, and polydipsia. Her serum potassium (K) was low at 3.1 mmol/L (3.5–5 mmol/L). Initial tests showed elevated plasma aldosterone, suppressed plasma renin activity and elevated aldosterone-renin ratio (6.61 ng/ dL, <0.1 ng/mL and 66, respectively). Plasma aldosterone after saline suppression test (12.70 ng/dL) confi rmed the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA). MRI showed a well-defi ned, oval-shaped solid nodule in the medial limb of the left adrenal gland (1.8 x 1.2 cm). Bilateral adrenal vein sampling with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test was compatible with BAH (cortisol-corrected aldosterone ratio pre-ACTH stimulation 1.29 and postACTH 1.66), with dominant aldosterone secreting left adrenal gland (7200 vs 3760 ng/dL). She was started on spironolactone 200 mg/day and amlodipine 10 mg/day and eventually shifted to eplerenone. Despite the optimal dose of eplerenone and amlodipine, she still experienced severe headaches, palpitations and breakthrough elevations of BP that led to her recurrent admissions. Eplerenone was shifted back to spironolactone (150-200 mg/day) with amlodipine dose (10 mg/day) normalizing her blood pressure and potassium level, yet with persistent headache and muscle weakness. Repeat imaging using CT scan with contrast showed consistent results. Postoperatively, with all medications discontinued the patient was asymptomatic, normotensive (110/70 mmHg) and normokalemic (4.0 mmol/L). One month later, her BP started to increase again at 140/80 mmHg and her K decreased to 3.4 mmol/L. Normalization of said parameters (BP:120/70 mmHg K: 4.1 mmol/L), with stabilization following lower doses of amlodipine (5mg/day) and spironolactone (25 mg/day). Also, all the symptomatology of the patient resolved completely. Conclusion This present case exemplifi es a unilateral adrenalectomy approach in BAH, which led to improvement in BP and K levels, despite low medication doses. Furthermore, symptom relief and improved quality of life, as desired outcomes, were achieved.
Hypertension ; Hyperaldosteronism

Introduction: Postprandial lipemia represent an important risk factor for lifetime development of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Daily administration alone or combined statin and fi brate therapy has been shown to be an effective therapeutic approach but brings about serious logistics problem in our local setting. To address this concern, we report this observation where alternate day statin and fi brate treatment given alone or in combination in type 2 diabetes mellitus and similar effectiveness in lowering postprandial dyslipidemia has been obtained. Methodology: This is a retrospective case study in an endocrine clinic involving 53 patients seen from April 2014 to October 2015. The patients were on statin and fi brate combination (atorvastatin 20- 40mg and gemfi brozil 300-600 mg or fenofi brate 145-160mg), statin alone (atorvastatin 20-40mg) and fi brate alone (gemfi brozil 300-600mg/fenofi - brate 145-160mg) given on alternate days. Percent reductions of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL for combined statin and fi brate; cholesterol and LDL for atorvastatin alone; and triglyceride for fi brate alone were determined. Results: In this preliminary report, 26 patients have available data. Follow-up period range was 4 to 48 weeks (mean 22.76+ 11.8 weeks). Alternate statin and fi brate (gemfi brozil) treatment yielded percent reductions from baseline as follows: cholesterol 7%, triglycerides 15%, and LDL 37% (P values= 0.02, 0.10 and 0.019, respectively). On the other hand, alternate statin and fi brate (fenofi brate) yielded percent reduction from baseline as follows: cholesterol 41% and LDL 20.4% (P=0.15 and 0.13, respectively). The population is small, the decrease did not yield signifi cant difference from baseline, however there is a tendency for triglyceride to decrease (P=0.09) with the combined statin and fenofi brate. With statin alone the percent reduction from baselinewere as follows: cholesterol 39% and LDL 62% (P= 0.29 and 0.11, respectively). No percent reduction of triglyceride is seen with fi brate given on alternate day with P= 0.19 The monthly cost reduction with combined alternate statin and fi brate treatment is at 34-48% while alternate day administration of the statin reduced cost by 60%. Conclusion This study showed lowering of postprandial total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL with alternate statin and fi brate treatment, and total cholesterol and LDL with alternate day statin. The cost of treatment was also signifi cantly lowered with the alternate regimen. However, a follow through study with adequate sample size is recommended to support these observations.
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

INTRODUCTION: Pre-impaired  glucose  tolerance  (pre-IGT) or  compensated  hyperinsulinemia,  is  defined  as  normal glucose,  and  elevated  insulin  two  hours  after  a  75-gram oral glucose load.  It is characteristic of the early stages of diabetes  mellitus  (DM),  where  beta  cells  compensate  for  insulin resistance by increasing insulin secretion to maintain normoglycemia. With  continuing  beta  cell  failure,  insulin  secretion  eventually  fails,  leading  to  the  progression  to diabetes.    Nonalcoholic  fatty  liver  disease  (NAFLD),  a common feature of insulin resistance, is found in 50-75% and 42-55% of DM and pre-diabetes patients. We determined if
NAFLD was present in patients with pre-IGT.
METHOD: A study on the determination of NAFLD - diagnosed by liver ultrasound in pre-IGT patients at a university hospital.Descriptive statistics, Chi square test of independence, 2x2 Fischer  Exact  test,  Z  test  of  difference  in  proportion, were used  for  statistical  analysis  with  a  p-value  set  at  0.05?.IBMSPSS ver 21 was used as software.
RESULTS:The mean age of 22 patients was 29.95 years, with average BMI of 25.73 kg/m2;77.3% were female.  Average lipid  panels  were  within  optimal  limits;  kidney  and  liver functions were normal.  The mean insulin level was 58.36 uIU/mL. NAFLD was identified in eight of the subjects.
CONCLUSION: Although  pre-IGT  is  a  subclinical  phase  in  the  diabetes  spectrum,  36%  already  have  NAFLD.This prevalence  was  lower  compared  to  diabetics  and  pre-diabetics, but higher compared to the general population.There was a noticeable trend of increasing insulin levels with increasing severity of fatty liver.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Glucose Intolerance ; Insulin Resistance ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Hyperinsulinism ; Prediabetic State ; Insulin-secreting Cells ; Insulins ; Glucose ; Lipids