Background: Musculoskeletal disorders account for 23.1-47.1% of occupational diseases in several countries. Studies have shown that operators of heavy machinery, including tractors and dump trucks, are twice as likely to experience lower back pain compared to workers not exposed to whole-body vibration. Furthermore, research has indicated that acute exposure to vibration can cause vasoconstriction and vascular inflammation. However, limited research has explored the relationship between lower back pain and specific biomarkers, highlighting the need for this study. Aim: This study aimed to compare lower back pain prevalence and muscle inflammation biomarkers among heavy machinery operators. Materials and Methods: A purposive sampling method was used to recruit 15 male participants aged 25-35 years who had worked as heavy machinery drivers for no more than three years. Inclusion criteria were: no alcohol consumption within 24 hours prior to sampling, body mass index (BMI) between 18.5-28.9 kg/m², no prior diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders, and absence of infectious or non-infectious diseases during the study period. Blood samples were analyzed for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The mean BMI of participants was 25.89±3.23 kg/m². Over half (53.3%, n=8) exceeded the exposure limit for whole-body vibration. Low back pain was reported by 13 participants (86.7%) over the past six months and by 12 participants (80%) over the past seven days. TNF-α levels did not differ significantly between groups based on low back pain status or vibration exposure. However, IL-6 levels showed a significant increase 24 hours after whole-body vibration exposure (p=0.027). Conclusion Lower back pain was highly prevalent among participants exposed to whole-body vibration. Furthermore, IL-6 levels were elevated among participants reporting lower back pain, regardless of vibration exposure levels.

: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq) P. Kumm) is the second cultivated and most popular edible mushroom after Agaricus bisporus in the world. The fruiting bodies of these mushrooms have high nutritional value and are beneficial for health. Pleurotus ostreatus are an interesting source of bioactive glucans and other polysaccharides. This study focuses on the isolation and structural characterization of glucans from the fruiting bodies and stems cultivated mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus. Methods: Physicochemical properties of fruiting bodies and stems cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus in Mongolia, were studied using standard methods. Glucans were extracted and purified using the precipitation method and Sevag reagent, and functional groups were determined by FT-IR. Conclusion The characteristic absorption bands of the water and alkali-soluble fractions were found near 1070, 1044, 869 and 777-769 cm-1. These IR bands are characteristic of fungal (1→3)(1→6)-β-D- glucans, and indicating these fractions are glucan-type polysaccharides

Introduction: Total environment 24 % of all estimated global deaths are linked to the environment. As of 2022, Ulaanbaatar has a population of 1,691,800, vehicles 435,725, thermal power plants 4, market and shopping centers 111, factories 13,465, and 225 gas stations. Also, 1.5 million tons of waste are generated annually, 1135.6 tons of coal are used, and environmental pollution is increasing year by year. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the heavy metal contamination of the soil of Ulaanbaatar city and protect the health of the population. Purpose: To determine heavy metals pollution in the soil of Ulaanbaatar city Materials and Methods: We used descriptive research design in this study. Secondary data from Meteorological and Environmental Monitoring Department was used. The content of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd)) in the soil was evaluated in comparison with the maximum permissible amount specified in the MNS 5850:2019 standard. Statistical analyzing was calculated using SPSS-25 software, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The average concentration of heavy metals in the soil of residential areas of 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar city is cadmium 0.43 mg/kg (min=0, max=26.6), mercury 0.22 mg/kg (min=0, max=4), chromium 11.2 mg/kg ( min=0, max=1609.6), lead is 24.4 mg/kg (min=0, max=257.2). Cadmium concentration in soil Bagakhangai (25%), Baganuur (19.7%), Khan-Uul (18.9%), lead concentration in Nalaikh (8.3%), Bayanzurkh (5.4%), Chingeltei (3.3), mercury concentration in Baganuur ( 24.7%), Khan-Uul (18.4%), and chromium concentration in certain locations of Khan-Uul (4.7%) districts exceeded the standards, respectively. The concentration of soil cadmium (21.2%) and lead (7.7%) near the technical market, mercury concentration (26.3%) near the market and shopping center, and chromium concentration (58.9%) near the central treatment plant exceeded the maximum permissible levels. Conclusion Cadmium and mercury pollution were mainly detected in the heavy metal pollution of the soil of Ulaanbaatar city, and there is heavy metal pollution in certain locations of Baganuur and Khan-Uul districts. Heavy metal pollution is caused by activities such as technical markets, auto repair shops, markets, shopping centers, and treatment plants.

Introduction: We classify peritonitis as end-stage if it lasts for more than 72 hours or more than three days. At this point, the pleural effusion of the posterior abdominal wall, the pleural layer of the gastrointestinal tract, and the dimples of the esophagus are all scattered with pus. During the first operation, it is very difficult to completely cleanse these abscesses. After the operation, pus will collect in the abdomen and abscesses will form, which will require another operation. If this postoperative complication is not diagnosed in time and operated again (relaparotomy), many other complications can occur and the risk of death is high. 48-hour relaparotomy mortality is higher than early surgery (21.8% -76.8%). Necrotic pancreatitis is chronic peritonitis (an abscess of the lower extremities) in which only non-pancreatic adipose tissue, sebum glands, pericardial effusions, pericardial effusions, and kidney adipose tissue become necrotic. Purpose: Endoscopic surveillance for chronic pleurisy with pancreatic necrosis Objectives:
1. Endoscopic monitoring of the postoperative course of pancreatic necrosis.
2. Calculate the results of washing and cleaning using binoculars. Method: Patients with advanced peritoneal inflammation and necrotizing pancreatitis should be selected for reoperation. After removing the dead pancreatic tissue (necrosectomy), all layers of the abdomen are temporarily closed. A 6 mm short tube with surgical rubber is cut into the small pancreas, inserted 2 cm deep into the standard abdomen and sutured to the skin. Or use a silicone tube 4 - 5 cm long. Result: The study was carried out on 56 patients in 2016-2020. The mean age was 50 (89%) for men, 6 (11%) for women, and 47.5 ± 8.6. Conclusion
1. Endoscopic follow-up showed 19 (76%) persistent postoperative peritonitis and re-clearance, and 6 (24%) patients were not diagnosed with persistent peritonitis.
2. 25 (50%) cases of persistent peritonitis after surgery were washed 1-3 times. This method has proven to be a safe and easy procedure and can be used in any urban or rural hospital.

Background: In the network of health sector reform, improving the quality and safety of service, organizational development, and ethics and responsibility of doctors and health professionals is a priority issue. To bring this, the patient satisfaction is an important matter. Materials and methods: This study was carried out using a cross-sectional study design with quantitative and qualitative method. To collect data and materials of the study, we used questionnaires from Appendix No.2 of Order 13 of the Minister of Health dated 13 January, 2014. Results: 84 (61.8%) of inpatients evaluated hospital care as a good, while 117 of 197 outpatients (59.4%) evaluated hospital care as an average. The general satisfaction of patients is good for inpatients and average for outpatients. Discussion The patient satisfaction was different depending on the department, gender, age and age group for inpatients, while satisfaction was not dependent on age group for outpatients.

Background: In the network of health sector reform, improving the quality and safety of service, organizational development, and ethics and responsibility of doctors and health professionals is a priority issue. Therefore, it is important to study the satisfaction and needs of healthcare workers, who have essential role in the quality and accessibility of health care service, as well as in social and economic development. Materials and methods: This study was carried out using a cross-sectional study design with quantitative method. The questionnaires were conducted from 63 people who were working in the general hospital of Selenge province. To collect data and materials of the study, we used questionnaires from Appendix No.1 of Order 13 of the Minister of Health dated 13 January, 2014. Results: The Satisfaction score of doctors and healthcare workers which was evaluated by themselves was generally 1.74 ± 0.47 or average, meanwhile 1.62 ± 0.41 or good for each group. Conclusion The employee satisfaction with the General Hospital of Selenge aimag is good. The satisfaction of doctors and healthcare workers is not dependent on the age group, gender, position, and seniority.

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index. The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm. There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

The present study was conducted to assess relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental caries among 12 years old school children of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 533 school children aged 12 years, selected from 6 schools of 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city. 533 children were divided into 2 groups according to the fluoride concentration of the waters. The all children were examined oral examination, dental caries was assessed by the DMF-T index.The result of the present study revealed that the caries prevalence in the study population was about 68,9%, and mean DMF-T was 3.05. Water fluoride concentration was highest in Khan-Uul district with 0.622ppm.There was highest prevalence of caries in children who consume water from filtration system in both districts.

Asbestos is a human carcinogen, and prohibited to use in 55 countries. Thermal power plants, construction industries, locomotive repair shops and analytical laboratories in Mongolia use asbestos as thermal insulation material. This study investigated exposure to airborne asbestos in workplaces. Total of 85 air sampleswere collected from thermal power plants (n=4), locomotive repairshop (n=1), construction renovation workplace (n=1), construction material shop (n=1) and analytical laboratory (n=1).The air samples were collected and analyzed by NIOSH 7400 and 7402 standard analytical methods. The average of airborne asbestos concentration (0.72f/cm3) in the workplaces was 7.2 times higher than the occupational exposure limit (0.1f/cm3). Exposure to airborne asbestos was exceeded in insulation workplaces of the thermal power plants and locomotive repairshop.Airborne asbestos was detected from construction renovation worksite, construction material shop and analytical laboratory, but did not exceeded the occupational exposure level.

Children under 5 years of age in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. Malnutrition affects 50% of hospitalized children and 25–70% of the critically ill children. Malnutrition interferes with the appropriate response of the body to disease and predisposes to infection and to the onset of multiorgan failure, increasing morbidity and mortality, the mean length of hospital stay, and health costs. Aim: A prospective cohort study of children admitted to the tertiary pediatric ICU between January 2009 and January 2014 was carried out. To assess the malnutrition type, and impact of nutritional status on outcomes like mortality rate, disease, complication in critically ill children.To the study were enrolled 138 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care units of the NationalCenter for Maternal and Childrens Hospital. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the MNUMS, and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. Nutritional status was determined using Waterlow criteria.Total participants were 49.3% (n=68) of male, 50.7% (n=70) female. 138 children with a mean age 4.4 months ±3.6/ Std.Er/, min = 1 month, max = 12 months, mode = 1 month. n=70(50.7%) acute malnutrition, n=58(42%) chronic malnutrition by Waterlow criteria. In malnutrition group was assessed patient with ricket n=36 (26.1%), patient with anemia n=56(58.9%)While malnutrition is a major problem in pediatric intensive care units. Acute malnutrition moreoccurred in the pediatric intensive care.Malnutrition more occurring of intrauterine infection, genetic disorder, hematology disease’s patients.