The clinical sign of children’s kidney and urinary tract petrification diseases and the result of eswl Background: A substance exchange disorder where stones form in the kidney or urinary tract with a tendency toward inheritance is called urinary tract petrification disease. In many countries throughout the world, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease is one to fifteen percent. Urinary tract permeability disease affects 7% of people under the age of 17. Due to the unique nature of the habitat, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease is higher in India, Thailand, Scandinavian countries, and the Caucasian, Ural, Siberia, and Equator areas. However, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease spread is two to three percent for children, but the reoccurance risk is 6.5–54 percent. In our country’s case, J. Horloo’s 1993 research indicates that 4.1 to 4.7 percent of kidney and urinary tract patients have urinary tract disease. During urinary tract disease, the common symptoms are abdominal pain, macro- and microhematuria, and kidney and renal bacterial infection. But in younger children, those symptoms are quite grim. In the last 15 years, mongolian’s urine’s oxalate stone’s volume increased by 5 times and mixed stones decreased by 2.5 times. The research of G. Erdenetsetseg’s 1990–1998 study on 305 children and the 2001–2003 study on 161 children indicate that the incidence of urinary tract disease is high between ages 1-3, and 65 percent of the stones consist of calcium oxalate. In 1980, German scientists invented the stone crushing technology using electrohydraulic shockwaves, which turned out to be a beneficial treatment for kidney surgery practice. The National Hospital for Maternal and Child Health's kidney surgery team had 17 surgeries in 2015, 19 surgeries in 2016, 24 surgeries in 2017, and 28 surgeries in 2018, and all of those surgeries were done and treated open. In the last 10 years of our country, children’s urinary tract petrification disease has gradually increased, but research on those diseases risks and factors is lacking. Also, the stone crushing method is necessary for our country’s children's treatment. That’s why we decided to do research on the risk factors of urinary tract disease and its relation to the stone crushing method. Aim: Describe the features of children’s kidney and urinary tract petrification disease and study the stone crushing method’s results. Materials and methods: The study was done between December of 2019 and April of 2022, with the assistance of NCMCH's children's kidney surgery team. Within the parameter of the first objective, within the group of cases of kidney and urinary tract disease, there were 13 children under the age of 17. The research study was conducted cross sectional. The research results were processed by the SPSS 25 program. On the seventh meeting of the health ministry, we got the acceptance of a research patent with the assistance of EHEMUT. Results: The research group consisted of 13 children ages 0–17. The average age of participants was 10.6+-4.2.74. 4 percent of it consisted of men. The research of symptoms showed that back pain n = 13 (100), right side abdominal pain n = 13 (100), disurie n = 3 (23.1), mouth drying n = 2 (15.4), nausea n = 3 (23.1), urine with blood n = 10 (76.9), urine with smell n = 9 (69.2). The position of the stone consisted of 8 (61.5) in the kidney cup, 8 in the kidney cradle. Showing it in which kidney showed that 8 (61.5) were in the right kidney, 3 (23.1) in the left kidney, and 2 (15.4) in both kidneys. The density of the stones was n = 265.8+ 41.9 on average. Kidney stone coming out time was measured by Caplan-Myer’s survivability scale. The stones on the right side of the kidney came out within 14 days on average, while the left and both-sided kidney stones came out within 30 days. Conclusions: 1. Showing the number of stones and locations indicates that 8 (61.5) were in the right kidney, 3 (23.1) in the left kidney, and 2 (15.4) in both kidneys. 2. The results of Caplan-Meyer's scale indicate that kidney stones within the right kidney came out within 14 days, and left- or both-sided stones came out within 30 days.

Hydronephrosis; Ureter; Congenital; Laparoscopic surgery; Hydronephrosis severity score; Ureteropelvic junction stricture Background: Hydronephrosis is the most common urogenital anomalia in children. Renal UPJ obstruction is the most common cause for upper urinary tract obstruction occurring 1 in 2000 births. Urinary tract obstruction occurs due to blockage of urine flow along the urinary tract and generally manifests as hydronephrosis on imaging. Kidney function impairment from urinary tract obstruction, if present, is readily reversible if the obstruction is promptly corrected. Uncorrected UTO can damage the kidney tissue and lead to progressive kidney function impairment and end-stage kidney disease. Urinary tract obstruction in children may be acute or chronic, partial or complete, and unilateral or bilateral. The cause of urinary tract obstruction may be congenital or trauma. Hydronephrosis in children mostly congenital and localization of obstruction may in upper part and lower part of ureters, 90% of obstruction’s cause were upper part of ureters. In Mongolia we use ultrasound andurogramm /Radiologic test/ to identify the localization and severity of obstruction. Hydronephrosis can only be treated surgically, either laparoscopically or through open correction of ureteropelvic junction. We don’t have a research paper about causes, clinical significant and results of surgical treatment for congenital hydronephrosis. Aim: The aim was to determine clinical sign, diagnose and compare surgical outcome of laparoscopic and open pyeloplasty. Objectives: 1. Clinical signs of hydronephrosis in Mongolian children 2. Study the results of a new method of hydronephrosis severity assessment scores in children 3. To compare the outcome of surgical treatment laparoscopically or through open correction of ureteropelvic junction. Material and methods: In the period from 2020 to 2022. We have operated 30 ureteropyeloplasty cases. All the patients had UPJ obstruction and ureteropyeloplasty was performed. Both groups were compared according to the operative time and recovery duration. Demographic data including age, gender, operation time, estimated blood loss, hospital stay and complications were recorded. Results: Mean age was 6.1±4.0 in all the study children. A total of 30 patient, n=25 (83.3%) boy, n=5 (16.7%) girl were enrolled in this study. In this study, a new hydronephrosis severity score (HSS), combining ultrasonographic and renographic parameters, has been developed. Hydronephrosis severity score was analysed with regard to its usefulness in assessing the severity of UPJO. There was 60.3% agreement between traditional and new hydronephrosis severity score (p=0.014). Compared to that open surgery, blood loss and hospital stay 2 days shorter than open surgery. But duration of operation time was longer than open surgery (162.3±65.5). There was statistical different (p=0.002) between parameters of 2 groups. In laparoscopic and open surgery group respectively, renal function was increased both groups and there was statistical different between 2 groups. Conclusions: The most common cause of with upper ureteric blockage hydronephrosis in children is congenital ureteropelvic junction stricture was occurred 94.7% in all cases and abdominal pain is main clinical symptom in Mongolian children. There was 60.3% agreement between traditional and new hydronephrosis severity score. Compare laparoscopic surgery to open surgery had less blood, fewer hospital stays and faster wound healing. But operation time was longer than open surgery. Renal function was more improved laparoscopic surgery group after 6 months.

Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome among children are clinical entities of multifactorial origin requiring intensive care. Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome is a devastating lung condition with high mortality being the end result of a wide variety of inciting events. The purpose of this article is to review recent evidence for the epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of the acute respiratory distress syndrome in chidlren.