Humans ; Emotions ; Running

Evidence suggests that explicit reappraisal has limited regulatory effects on high-intensity emotions, mainly due to the depletion of cognitive resources occupied by the high-intensity emotional stimulus itself. The implicit form of reappraisal has proved to be resource-saving and therefore might be an ideal strategy to achieve the desired regulatory effect in high-intensity situations. In this study, we explored the regulatory effect of explicit and implicit reappraisal when participants encountered low- and high-intensity negative images. The subjective emotional rating indicated that both explicit and implicit reappraisal down-regulated negative experiences, irrespective of intensity. However, the amplitude of the parietal late positive potential (LPP; a neural index of experienced emotional intensity) showed that only implicit reappraisal had significant regulatory effects in the high-intensity context, though both explicit and implicit reappraisal successfully reduced the emotional neural responses elicited by low-intensity negative images. Meanwhile, implicit reappraisal led to a smaller frontal LPP amplitude (an index of cognitive cost) compared to explicit reappraisal, indicating that the implementation of implicit reappraisal consumes limited cognitive control resources. Furthermore, we found a prolonged effect of implicit emotion regulation introduced by training procedures. Taken together, these findings not only reveal that implicit reappraisal is suitable to relieve high-intensity negative experiences as well as neural responses, but also highlight the potential benefit of trained implicit regulation in clinical populations whose frontal control resources are limited.
Humans ; Emotional Regulation ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials/physiology* ; Cognition/physiology* ; Emotions/physiology*

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties and applicability of the 6-item University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in adults. METHODS: We conducted 2 surveys to assess the validity of different measurement scales and questionnaires. In Survey 1, a total of 1480 adults were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and the data were used for item analysis and assessment of the reliability, validity and measurement invariance. In Survey 2, UCLA Loneliness Scale was used for measurement in 652 college students, and the data were used for analysis of the criterion validity of ULS-6; 3 weeks later, 300 of the students were retested using ULS-6 to assess the retest reliability of the scale. RESULTS: Item analysis suggested that the items in ULS-6 all had good discrimination power with discrimination indexes all above 0.775 (r=0.775-0.820, P < 0.001). Measuring only one dimension, ULS-6 had an internal consistency reliability of 0.891, a split-half reliability of 0.875, and a retest reliability of 0.726. The correlation coefficients of ULS-6 with ULS, ULS-8, PHQ-9 and PSSS were 0.882, 0.967, 0.528 and -0.532, respectively. The measurement invariances of ULS-6 across genders and age groups were all acceptable. Among the adult participants, the mean total score of ULS-6 was 12.97 ± 3.96; While only 20% of the adults had no loneliness, 80% of them exhibited varying degrees of loneliness, ranging from mild (39.6%) and moderate (25.7%) to intense (14.7%) feelings of loneliness. CONCLUSION The ULS-6 has good reliability, validity and applicability for measurement of loneliness in Chinese adults.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Asian People ; Emotions ; Reproducibility of Results ; Students ; Loneliness

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by emotion dysregulation. Whether implicit emotion regulation can compensate for this deficit remains unknown. In this study, we recruited 159 subjects who were healthy controls, had subclinical depression, or had MDD, and examined them under baseline, implicit, and explicit reappraisal conditions. Explicit reappraisal led to the most negative feelings and the largest parietal late positive potential (parietal LPP, an index of emotion intensity) in the MDD group compared to the other two groups; the group difference was absent under the other two conditions. MDD patients showed larger regulatory effects in the LPP during implicit than explicit reappraisal, whereas healthy controls showed a reversed pattern. Furthermore, the frontal P3, an index of voluntary cognitive control, showed larger amplitudes in explicit reappraisal compared to baseline in the healthy and subclinical groups, but not in the MDD group, while implicit reappraisal did not increase P3 across groups. These findings suggest that implicit reappraisal is beneficial for clinical depression.
Humans ; Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology* ; Emotional Regulation ; Depression ; Emotions/physiology* ; Cognition/physiology*

The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) integrates interoceptive and exteroceptive information to control various behavioral and physiological processes including breathing, emotion, and sleep/wake regulation through the neural circuits that connect to the forebrain and the brainstem. However, the precise identity and function of distinct PBN subpopulations are still largely unknown. Here, we leveraged molecular characterization, retrograde tracing, optogenetics, chemogenetics, and electrocortical recording approaches to identify a small subpopulation of neurotensin-expressing neurons in the PBN that largely project to the emotional control regions in the forebrain, rather than the medulla. Their activation induces freezing and anxiety-like behaviors, which in turn result in tachypnea. In addition, optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations of these neurons revealed their function in promoting wakefulness and maintaining sleep architecture. We propose that these neurons comprise a PBN subpopulation with specific gene expression, connectivity, and function, which play essential roles in behavioral and physiological regulation.
Parabrachial Nucleus/physiology* ; Wakefulness/physiology* ; Neurons/physiology* ; Emotions ; Sleep

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy of acupuncture with different frequencies in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). METHODS: A total of 90 patients with FD were randomly divided into a 3-time acupuncture treatment per week group (3-A group, 31 cases, 2 cases dropped off), a 1-time acupuncture treatment per week group (1-A group, 30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (29 cases, 2 cases dropped off). In the two acupuncture groups, the acupoints were Zhongwan (CV 12) and bilateral Tianshu (ST 25), Neiguan (PC 6), Liangqiu (ST 34), Yanglingquan (GB 34), Zusanli (ST 36) and Taichong (LR 3), stimulated 3 times a week and once a week, respectively; and the treatment was given consecutively for 4 weeks. In the control group, no intervention was adopted, but the compensatory therapy was provided after the end of follow-up. The scores of the symptom index of dyspepsia (SID), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were compared among the 3 groups before treatment, after 4 weeks of treatment and in 4 and 8 weeks after treatment completion separately. The score of Nepean dyspepsia life quality index (NDLQI) was evaluated before treatment, after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment and in 4 and 8 weeks after treatment completion. RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment and in 4 and 8 weeks after treatment completion, the scores of SID, SAS and SDS were all reduced in the 3-A group and the 1-A group when compared with the scores before treatment (P<0.000 1, P<0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, the scores of SID, SAS and SDS in the two acupuncture groups were lower than those in the control group (P<0.000 1). After 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, the increased values of NDLQI score in the two acupuncture groups were all higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). In 4 and 8 weeks after treatment completion, the scores of SID, SAS and SDS in the 3-A group were lower than those in the 1-A group (P<0.001, P<0.05), and the increased values of NDLQI score in the 3-A group were higher than those in the 1-A group (P<0.000 1). CONCLUSION Acupuncture given 3 times per week is superior to the treatment given once per week in the aspects of relieving the clinical symptoms, improving the quality of life and regulating the emotional state in patients with FD. This efficacy is persistent for 8 weeks after treatment completion.
Humans ; Dyspepsia/therapy* ; Quality of Life ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Acupuncture Points ; Emotions

The paper summarizes professor ZHANG Wei-hua's clinical experience in treatment of insomnia with Zhenjing Anshen (calming-down the spirit) method. It is believed that insomnia results from the unstable spirit in pathogenesis of TCM. The basic therapeutic principle is regulating the spirit, in which, stabilizing the primary spirit and tranquilizing the heart spirit are emphasized. Main acupoints are Baihui (GV 20), Sishencong (EX-HN 1) and Yintang (GV 24⁺) to stabilize the primary spirit, located on the head; and Shenmen (HT 7) located on the wrist to calm-down the heart spirit, as well as Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and Yongquan (KI 1) in the lower extremities to benefit yin and balance yang, and then to house the spirit eventually. The needles are inserted in different depths and to various directions. The external application of herbal plaster is combined at Yongquan (KI 1) and the supplementary acupoints are selected in terms of syndrome differentiation. This therapy is simple in acupoint selection and very effective in treatment of insomnia.
Humans ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/therapy* ; Acupuncture Points ; Emotions ; Heart ; Lower Extremity

To explore the regulating effect of acupuncture on pain based on the three dimensions of pain (pain sensation, pain emotion and pain cognition). The pain sensation is related to the body, the pain emotion is related to the seven emotions, the pain cognition is related to the mind of the five zang, and the three dimensions of pain interact with each other. Through the two ways of "regulating qi to treat mind" and "treating mind to regulate qi ", acupuncture comprehensively acts on pain sensation, pain emotion and pain cognition to achieve comprehensive regulation of pain.
Humans ; Acupuncture Analgesia ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Emotions ; Cognition ; Pain

The cases of feeling comfort during acupuncture and moxibustion treatment in literature were summarized and its biological basis was explored. A simple classification of comfort was made, and the importance of obtaining comfort in acupuncture treatment was pointed out. Considering the pursuit of less pain and harmlessness in modern clinical treatment, sugar needle should be advocated and popularized in current clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion.
Sugars ; Moxibustion ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Emotions ; Needles

In order to improve the wearing comfort and bearing effectiveness of the exoskeleton, based on the prototype and working mechanism analysis of a relaxation wearable system for knee exoskeleton robot, the static optimization synthesis and its method are studied. Firstly, based on the construction of the virtual prototype model of the system, a comprehensive wearable comfort evaluation index considering the factors such as stress, deformation and the proportion of stress nodes was constructed. Secondly, based on the static simulation and evaluation index of system virtual prototype, multi-objective genetic optimization and local optimization synthesis of armor layer topology were carried out. Finally, the model reconstruction simulation data confirmed that the system had good wearing comfort. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the bearing performance and prototype construction of the subsequent wearable system.
Humans ; Exoskeleton Device ; Computer Simulation ; Emotions ; Knee Joint