Objective:To provide strategic suggestions for optimizing children′s diagnosis and treatment services in the communities, by means of analyzing the overall efficiency of children′s diagnosis and treatment services in the sample community health service centers, and learning the current input and output of children′s diagnosis and treatment resources.Methods:In April 2020, a total of 27 community health service centers in 14 cities were selected by random sampling. Data such as the number of medical visits by children aged 0 to 18 years and the area of pediatric diagnosis and treatment departments in the sample centers in 2019 were collected by self-filling questionnaires. Excel was used for data sorting. Data envelopment analysis(DEA) was used for data processing. The data processing tool was DEAP 2.1.Results:The average comprehensive efficiency, the average technical efficiency and the average scale efficiency of the 27 sample community health service centers were 0.445, 0.865 and 0.494 respectively. There were five DEA efficient centers, 4 DEA weak inefficiency centers and 18 inefficient centers. Six out of 18 DEA inefficient centers had redundant input of healthcare professionals capable pediatrics; 12 centers were short of children visits, and 15 were short of visits by children aged 0-6 years.The centers where DEA was inefficient were concentrated in the central region, the suburbs and " centers with independent pediatric clinics but without pediatric wards" .Conclusions:The comprehensive efficiency of children′s diagnosis and treatment services in the sample community health service centers is relatively low. Currently, the sample community health service centers are faced with such problems as small and insufficient input of children′s diagnosis and treatment resources in the community, unbalanced development of children′s diagnosis and treatment services in the region among others. It is suggested that on the basis of making full use of the existing resources to create the maximum output value, we should consider appropriately expanding the scale of resource input to improve the efficiency of children′s diagnosis and treatment services at the primary level and further give play to the value of the " gatekeepers" at the primary level in children′s diagnosis and treatment.

Biological desulfurization is a process in which sulfur compounds are removed from gas and oil using microorganisms. It is a simple process that has mild operating conditions, high desulfurization efficiency, low energy consumption and less environmental pollution. However, there is still a lack of simple and efficient analytical methods for quantitatively analyzing the sulfur compounds in the biological desulfurization process. In order to solve this problem, the analytical method for the simultaneous determination of sulfite, thiosulfate and sulfide in biological desulfurization solutions by pre-column fluorescence derivation using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The standard curves of sulfur species in this analytical method had good linear relationships with correlation coefficients of 0.999 5, 0.999 7, and 0.999 7 for sulfite, thiosulfate and sulfide, respectively. The detection limits of these sulfur compounds were 0.000 6, 0.000 7 and 0.001 1 μmol/L; the range of recovery rates were 98.17 to 101.9%, 100.9 to 102.6%, and 101.1 to 104.2%; which had good repeatability and stability. The analytical method was simple, efficient and accurate, and could be used to simultaneously determine the sulfur compounds in different biological desulfurization systems.
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Sulfur Compounds/analysis*

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) belong to a family of enzymes that attack eukaryotic ribosomes and potently inhibit cellular protein synthesis. RIPs possess several biomedical properties, including anti-viral and anti-tumor activities. Multiple RIPs are known to inhibit tumor cell proliferation through inducing apoptosis in a variety of cancers, such as breast cancer, leukemia/lymphoma, and hepatoma. This review focuses on the anti-tumor activities of RIPs and their apoptotic effects through three closely related pathways: mitochondrial, death receptor, and endoplasmic reticulum pathways.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Apoptosis ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Humans ; Mitochondria ; Plant Proteins ; Receptors, Death Domain ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins ; Ribosomes

Objective To measure the gap of community health staffing and establish new norms for community health facilities by means of the WHO Workload indicator of staffing need (WISN) method,for reference of the government in evaluation and decision making of community health staffing. Methods With Xicheng District of Beijing as an example,we collected data on community health staffing and calculated the total demand,measuring the total demand and supply,and gap or surplus in the staffing.Results in 2013,the demand of community health staffing was about 1 7.18 million standard equivalents in Xicheng,while the supply was 10.5 12 million.The WISN ratio was 0.67 for community health supply and demand,in which the ratio of physicians was close to 1,while that of nurses and public health workers was far below 1.850 extra community health staff was needed to reach the total of 2 602 persons.Conclusion The demand and supply of community health service in Xicheng District was seriously unbalanced,a huge gap featuring overstaffing of nurses and inadequate public health workers.This results from the enhancement of primary public health services and rising utilization of community healthcare services in recent years,which deserves high attention from government of all levels,by increasing the staffing of community health staffing standards.

[Summary] The neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B are involved in numerous central regulation processes such as energy homeostasis,sleeping behaviour,and neuroendocrine activities.Orexin receptors are expressed in a variety of tissues besides the brain,adrenal gland for example.The article reviews the effect of orexin on adrenal gland function.

Objective To evaluate the relationships of the expression of orexin A in hypothalamus with hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinism, and hyperlipidemia in alimentary obesity rats.Methods The alimentary obesity rat model was induced by high-fat diet in Wistar rats. The levels of leptin, insulin, C-peptide, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyeride (TG) were detected by luminescent immunoassay and biochemistry enzymic method. The gene expression of orexin A in rat hypothalamus was detected by real-time PCR. The correlation between orexin A and leptin was analyzed. Results After 8 weeks of high-fat diet feeding, the body weight, Lee's index, blood glucose, TG and TC significantly increased in obesity rat group (P＜0. 01). The levels of serum leptin, insulin and C-peptide were significantly higher in obesity rats than in controls [( 1.74±0. 36)μg/Lvs. (1.27±0.11) μg/L, (35±5) MIU/L vs. (23±4) MIU/L, (0.21±0.04) μg/L vs.(0. 14±0. 03) μg/L respectively, P＜0.01]. However, the level of orexin A mRNA was lower in obesity rats than in controls (6.8±2.3 vs. 14.5±3.6, t=-8.06, P＜0.01). The correlation coefficient (r) of orexin A mRNA with serum leptin, insulin, and C-peptide in alimentary obesity rat were -0. 726 (P＜0.01), -0. 506 (P＜0.01) and -0. 664 (P＜0.01), respectively. Conclusions High-fat diet can induce leptin-resistance and alimentary obesity in Wistar rat. The down-regulation of orexin A in rat hypothalamus would be correlated closely to the leptin and insulin resistance in alimentary obesity.

Purpose:To evaluate the effects of the implementation of “Guidelines of Diagnosis and Treatment for Common Cancers in China (Breast cancer)” in recent 10 years, and to provide evidence for decision making for Health Services.Methods:Continuously followed and randomly sampled hospitalized breast cancer cases in District hospitals and General hospitals, evaluated by clinical experts.Results:The rate of total agreement was 41.36%, the rate of essential agreement was 49.09% in 1996-1999. The sum of the two rates was 90.45%. The total agreement rates were without statistical difference among district hospitals, county hospitals and municipal general hospitals. There was no case of disagreement in municipal general hospitals. The disagreement rate in district hospitals went down from 7.69% in 1994 to 3.70% in 1999. The total agreement rate of cases with operation was 46.74%, higher than any group with other treatments. The proportion of cases with correct case stage classification was 47.33%.Conclusions:After implementation of the Guideline, the level of appropriate treatment was increasing. In order to raise the level of cancer diagnosis and treatment, and improve cure rate, survival rate and life quality, we must take measures on staff training, quality control, supportive environment, comprehensive patient management and patient transfer policies.[