The objective of this study is to elucidate the effects of gut microbiome imbalance on impaired cognitive function in schizophrenia patients， and to propose a new approach to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients. The cognitive impairment of schizophrenic patients is one of the major barriers that hinder patient social reintegration. With the emergence of microbiome-gut-brain axis， many researchers have found that there is a certain relationship between gut microbiome imbalance and impaired cognitive function in schizophrenia patients， so this paper reviews and summarizes such relationship found in previous studies， with a view to informing the exploration of new ways to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients.

Objective To investigate the significance of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) for the detection of neovascularization in carotid atherosclerotic plaques.Methods SMI detected 28 carotid atherosclerotic plaques in 28 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy.The SMI grade of carotid plaque neovascularization was assigned based on the following grading system:Grade 0,no neovascularization;grade 1,some neovascularization;grade 2,neovascularization observed in the shoulder of the plaque;and grade 3,widely distributed new blood vessels.SMI was used to evaluate the degree of blood flow,maximum flow velocity,and resistance index of the new vessels in the plaque.Microvascular density was measured with CD31 staining.Results Clear correlations were observed between neovascularization density on histopathological staining of the plaque and the degree of blood flow detected with SMI (rs=0.788,P ＜ 0.001).The classification of neovascular blood flow in the plaque was positively correlated with plaque thickness (rs=0.686,P=0.002).Of the 28 cases,neovascularization was detected in 23;of these 23 cases,the direction of blood flow was from the adventitia to the intima in 17 (75％) cases,while 6 (25％) cases showed an irregular direction of blood flow.The mean neovascular flow velocity was (5.620±0.131) cm/s,and the mean neovascular resistance index was 0.660 ± 0.090.Conclusion SMI is useful for the evaluation of carotid atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization.

Objective? To explore the changes of lipid metabolism in schizophrenics with long-term use of antipsychotics. Methods? The waist circumference, hip circumference, weight, years of using psychiatric drugs and blood lipid of 1 077 schizophrenic patients hospitalized in a Class Ⅲ Grade A psychiatric specialized hospital in Beijing from January to December 2017 were collected. Patients with normal blood lipid without taking lipid-lowering agents were assigned into N1 group (n=437). Patients with normal blood lipid taking lipid-lowering agents were assigned into N2 group (n=331). Patients with high blood lipid without taking lipid-lowering agents were assigned into N3 group (n=148). Patients with high blood lipid taking lipid-lowering agents were assigned into N4 group (n=161). The lipid metabolism was compared among the four groups. Results? There were significant differences in the years of taking antipsychotic drugs, waist circumference, hip circumference, weight, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein (P＜0.01). The results of pairwise comparison showed that between the two groups without taking lipid-lowering drugs, there was no statistical significance in the difference in apolipoprotein A (apoA) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) (P＞0.05), otherwise the differences in other indexes were statistically significant (P＜0.01). Between the two groups taking lipid-lowering agents, besides of other indexes (P＜0.01), there was no statistical significance in the differences in years of taking antipsychotic drugs, total cholesterol, apoA and apoB (P＞ 0.05). The further correlation analysis showed that the years of taking antipsychotic drugs was positively correlated with the waist circumference and apo A (P＜0.01). The waist circumference was positively related to the hips, weight, triglycerides (P＜0.01), and negatively related with high density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A (P＜0.01). The hip circumference was positively correlated with weight, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (P＜0.05), and negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein (P＜0.01). Weight was positively related with triglyceride (P＜0.05), and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein and apoA (P＜0.01). Conclusions? During the period of drug use, especially in the early period of drug use, the patients with schizophrenia must be monitored for blood lipid regularly. It is suggested to take the combined medication actively, guide the patients correctly, encourage more participation in recreational activities, help them improve the diet structure, control the weight, and prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebral blood tube diseases.

Objective To understand the frequency distribution of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene single nucleotide polymor-phisms in Yunnan Han population.Methods CYP2C9(430C> T,1075A>C and 1080C> G)locus and VKORC1(-1639G> A and 1173C> T)locus gene polymorphisms in 202 samples were detected by adopting electrochemical gene sensor method,and the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies were performed the statistics and the gene polymorphism in relevant populations was an-alyzed.Results Among 202 samples,202 cases(100.0%)were genotype C/C at CYP2C9 * 2 locus,C allele frequency was 100.0%;185 cases(91.6%)were genotype A/A at CYP2C9*3 locus,15 cases(7.4%)were A/C genotype,2 cases(1.0%)were C/C genotype,A allele frequency was 95.3%,C allele frequency was 4.7%;CYP2C9*5 locus genotype C/C was in 202 cases (100.0%),C allele frequency was 100%;VKORC1 -1639G > A locus genotype A/A was in 145 cases(71.8%),57 cases (28.2%)were G/A genotype,A allele frequency was 85.9%,G was 14.1%;1173C> T locus genotype T/T was in 145 cases (71.8%),C/T gene type in 57 cases(28.2%),T allele frequency was 85.9%,and C was 14.1%.Conclusion The distribution of CYP2C9 gene in Yunnan Han population is similar to that in other regions of our country.The VKORC1 gene is different from the foreign population,Chinese Han nationality and partial minority nationalities.

Objective To evaluate the expression profile of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)B and SDHC in pheochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma(PGL) (collectively abbreviated as PPGL), and their value in the early diagnosis of malignancy. Methods SDHB and SDHC immunohistochemistry were performed on 140 tumor specimens from 126 PPGL patients (PCC n＝62, PGL n＝61, PCC+PGL n＝3). Results (1) Germline mutation status of 67 patients were determined, of which, identifying 37(55.2%) patients with germline mutation: 2 (3.0%) SDHA, 18 ( 26. 9%) SDHB, 2 ( 3. 0%) SDHC, 5 ( 7. 5%) SDHD, 2 ( 3. 0%) VHL, 7 ( 10. 4%) RET, and 1(1.5%) NF1; and 30 (44.8%) individuals without known mutation. (2) Among 30 PPGLs from 27 patients with SDH-related (SDHx) mutations, 96.7%(29/30) stained negative for SDHB, 76.7%(23/30) stained negative for SDHC, while only 28.6%(14/49) and 18.4%(9/49) stained negative for SDHB and SDHC respectively in the 49 PPGLs without SDHx mutation (P<0.05). (3) The sensitivity of the SDH immunostaining in detecting the presence of germline SDHx mutation was 96.7%for SDHB and 76.7%for SDHC, while the specificity was 71.4%for SDHB and 81.6% for SDHC. ( 4 ) Among PPGLs without SDHB expression, 22. 9% were malignant. This percentage is significantly higher than that in PPGLs with preserved SDHB expression (3.8%, P<0.05). Conclusion SDHB and SDHC immunohistochemistry may serve as post-surgical screening tools to predict the presence of germline SDHx mutation in PPGLs. Negative SDHB expression calls for intense follow-up to rule out malignancy.

Objective To clarify the role of transmembrane protein 66(TMEM66) in intima proliferation of carotid artery induced by balloon injury in rats.Methods SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=10), including control group, the left carotid artery balloon injury group and injury group added with lentiviruses, respectively.Accordingly, the intima proliferation of carotid artery were detected by H/E staining;the expressions of TMEM66 in carotid artery injuried by balloon were determined by Western blot,q-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and the migration and proliferation of VSMCs were measured by scratch test and CCK8 respectively.Results Compared with control group, the expression of TMEM66 in carotid artery was obviously decreased after balloon injury (P<0.05).Most importantly, the intima proliferation of carotid artery was significantly reversed by overexpression of TMEM66 via specific lentiviruses (P<0.05).Conclusions TMEM66 is able to attenuate the intima proliferation of carotid artery after balloon injury.It could be that upregulation of TMEM66 can alleviate the migration and proliferation of VSMCs by PDGF.

Objective: To determine whether microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) could be prognostic biomarkers for patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Methods:With immunohisto-chemical staining, the expressions of MAP2 and MAP1B were examined in 193 and 120 primary tumors and peritumoral tissues, re-spectively. Then, the relationship between the expression of each protein and clinicopathological characteristics, including prognosis was analyzed. Results:MAP2 and MAP1B were expressed in 88 of 193 (45.6%) and 77 of 120 (64.2%) tumors, respectively. The expres-sion of MAP2 was significantly associated with the favorable overall survival of patients with PNETs (P=0.012). Moreover, MAP2 expres-sion was associated with the improved overall survival in a subset of patients with stageⅡand stageⅢtumors (P=0.017). The MAP1B expression did not correlate with other clinicopathological features and prognosis. Conclusion:MAP2 could be a novel, independent prognostcbiomarker for PNETs.

Objective To investigate the serum levels of uric acid (UA) in bipolar disorder patients and their clini?cal significance. Methods Serum levels of UA was measured in 126 bipolar disorder patients including 77 mania pa?tients and 49 depression patients, 69 first-episode schizophrenic patients and 126 healthy controls (control group). Bipo?lar disorder patients was assessed by using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). Results The serum UA levels were significantly higher in bipolar group [(349.34 ± 107.21) μmol/L] than in schizophrenic group [(319.71±84.48)μmol/L] and in control group [(280.94±71.90)μmol/L] (P<0.01). There were signifi?cant differences in serum UA levels between manic episode and depressive episode [(366.45 ± 104.01) μmol/L vs. (322.45±107.69)μmol/L]. The serum UA levels were higher in both manic episode and depressive episode groups than in control group (P<0.01). The serum UA levels was not significantly different between patients with and without medication (P>0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that the correlation of serum UA levels with YMRS scores and HAMD scores was not significant in bipolar disorder patients (P>0.05). Conclusions Patients with bipolar disorder has elevated serum uric acid levels which may be a biomarkers of bipolar disorder.

Objective To investigate the effect of three kinds of skin external use in the prevention and treatment of radiation dermatitis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods 120 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who were treated form August 2014 to October 2015 were divided into three groups by random number table method, namely, aloe vera gel group, triethanolamine cream group, radiation treatment of skin protectants (lifuning) group. Except for different medications among the groups, the other conditions remained relatively consistent. 3 groups were compared in the radiotherapy classification, area, local pain score, and topical drug costs during the radiotherapy and the radiation dose when radiation dermatitis occurred the first time. Results Three kinds of skin external use had a preventive effect, but the effect was different. Three groups′ patients with radiation dermatitis incidence was 100%, but occurred at different levels. Aloe vera gel cream group and triethanolamine group were mainly for gradeⅡradiation dermatitis, grade IV radiation dermatitis occurred in 2 cases and 4 cases, lifuning group were mainly for grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ radiation dermatitis, grade Ⅲ radiation dermatitis only occurred 2 cases, noⅣgrade radiation dermatitis occurred. Comparison among the three groups, the difference was statistically significant (H=8.758,P<0.05). 3 groups of patients after treatment all suffered pain, 12 patients in triethanolamine cream group , 7 patients in lifuning group , only 2 cases in aloe vera gel group (H=8.586,P<0.05). The average cost of skin external used in 3 groups was different, triethanolamine cream group was 546.0 yuan, lifuning group was 458.2 yuan, and aloe vera gel group was 157.5 yuan. Among the three groups pairwise comparison, the differences in triethanolamine cream group and aloe vera gel group were statistically significant in pain (χ2=9.62,P<0.05), aloe vera gel group was better than the group of triethanolamine cream, the differences among radiation dermatitis grade, size and radiation dose of radiation dermatitis occurred the first time were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The difference between in lifuning group and triethanolamine cream group in pain had no statistically significant (χ2=2.47,P>0.05), other indexes had significant differences (P < 0.05). Lifuning was better than the triethanolamine cream to reduce and delay the onset and deterioration of radiation dermatitis and could prevent a widening of the area of radiation dermatitis;aloe vera gel group and lifuning group had a significant difference in radioepidermitis grade (χ2=6.32,P<0.05). Lifuning was better than the aloe vera gel and was more conducive to reduce and delay the occurrence of radiation dermatitis, other indexes differences had no statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusions Considering the efficacy, pain and price three aspects which skin external use prevention and treatment radiation dermatitis patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lifuning as the mixture of triethanolamine and aloe can effectively reduce and delay the chance of radiation dermatitis, reduce the radiation field experience of local pain, and affordable, the patients are more acceptable, it′s worthy of clinical use.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects between acupuncture combined with rehabilitation and simple rehabilitation for shoulder pain after stroke, and to select the best plan of acupuncture manipulations at different stages by orthogonal design.

METHODSNinety patients were treated with comprehensive rehabilitation, and nine cases without acupuncture were arranged into a control group. Eighty-one patients of orthogonal design were applied by acupuncture with the same acupoints and course. The VAS score and its weighted value were regarded as the observation indices,and the effects between the acupuncture group and the control group were compared. The optimal plans of acupuncture manipulations of the early stage and the later stage were chosen after the first course treatment and the third course treatment separately. The acupuncture depth (factor A:A: shallow depth less than 25 mm, A(II): modest depth 25-40 mm, A(III): deep depth 40-50 mm), the acupuncture angle (factor B:B(I): perpendicular insertion, B(II): horizontal insertion, B(III): oblique insertion), needle manipulated frequency (factor C: C(I): zero time, C(II): one time, C(III): three times) and needle retained time(factor D:D(I):20 min, D(II): 30 min, D(III): 60 min) were studied. The differences among all factors and the diversity among major factors at different stages were analyzed.

RESULTS(1) Acupuncture combined with rehabilitation at the early and the later stage acquired better improvement than simple rehabilitation (all P < 0.01). (2) The optimal acupuncture manipulation plan at the early stage was A(III) B(III) C(I) D(I), which was deep acupuncture and oblique insertion for 20 min with zero-time manipulation; the optimal acupuncture manipulation plan at the later stage was A(III) B(III) C(III) D(I), which was deep acupuncture and oblique insertion for 20 min with three-time manipulation. (3) There was significance for acupuncture depth and angle at the early stage (both P < 0.01) and there was significance for insertion depth, acupuncture angle and manipulating frequency at the later stage (all P < 0.05). (4) At the early stage, the insertion depth was statistically significant between A(I) and A(II), A(I) and A(III), A(II) and A(III) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the statistical significance was existed between B(I) and B(III) (P < 0.01). At the later stage, the insertion depth was statistically significant between A(I) and A(III), A(III) and A(II), A(I) and A(II) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and the statistical significance was existed between C(I) and C(III), C(II) and C(III) (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture combined with rehabilitation acquire apparent effect for shoulder pain after stroke. At the early stage,the optimal plan is deep and oblique insertion for 20 min with zero-time manipulation. At the later stage, the best plan is deep and oblique insertion for 20 min with 3-time manipulation.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Shoulder Pain ; etiology ; rehabilitation ; therapy ; Stroke ; complications ; Treatment Outcome