Objective: To investigate the status of salt-restriction spoons use among residents in Zhejiang Province, so as to provide evidence for optimizing salt-reduction intervention strategies and preventing chronic disease. Methods: Residents aged 18-69 from five counties (cities/districts) in Zhejiang Province were selected using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Demographic characteristics, dietary habits, and salt-restriction spoons use were collected using questionnaires. The rate of salt-restriction spoons use and correct rate of salt-restriction spoons use were analyzed. Factors affecting salt-restriction spoons use among residents were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Totally 7 601 questionnaires were allocated, and 7 509 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 98.79%. The respondents included 3 744 males (49.86%) and 3 765 females (50.14%). The mean age was (44.81±14.03) years. The rate of salt-restriction spoons use was 11.97%, the correct rate of salt-restriction spoon use was 52.73%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that rural (OR=0.851, 95%CI: 0.731-0.991), education level of primary school and below (illiterate or semi-literate, OR=0.269, 95%CI: 0.172-0.420; primary school, OR=0.595, 95%CI: 0.436-0.811), and excessive dietary salt intake (OR=0.718, 95%CI: 0.559-0.922) were inhibiting factors for salt-restriction spoons use among residents; physical exercise (OR=1.581, 95%CI: 1.362-1.836) and received health education on a low-salt diet (OR=2.082, 95%CI: 1.790-2.421) were promoting factors for salt-restriction spoons use among residents. Conclusions The rate of salt-restriction spoons use among residents in Zhejiang Province was relatively low, primarily influenced by region, educational level, physical activity, dietary salt intake, and health education on a low-salt diet. It is recommended that propose a multi-component intervention strategy centered on skill enhancement and health education, delivered through progressive staged implementation, to promote sustained adoption of salt-restriction spoons among residents.

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of three spot urine methods (Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka) for estimating the 24 h urinary sodium excretion in the Chinese population.Methods:In 2017, 1 499 participants aged 18 to 69 years old were selected from Yiwu City, Haining City, Taishun County, Yinzhou District of Ningbo City and Liandu District of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province by using the multistage random sampling method. Sociodemographic information of the subjects was collected with questionnaires and physical measurements were performed. 24 h urine was collected and urinary volume was recorded. The concentrations of urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine were also measured. Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka spot urine methods were applied to estimate the 24 h urinary sodium excretion and compared with actual values among 1 426 participants who passed urine integrity test.Results:The age of participants was (46.71±14.04) years old, including 700 males, accounting for 49.1%. The actual value of 24 h urinary sodium excretion was (167.10±74.70) mmol, but Kawasaki method overestimated it as (184.61±57.10) mmol, and INTERSALT and Tanaka methods underestimated it as(134.62±39.21) and (143.20±35.66) mmol. Estimated difference (95 %CI) (mmol) from small to large was Kawasaki method [17.51 (13.54, 21.47)], Tanaka method [-23.90 (-27.60, -20.20)] and INTERSALT method [-32.48 (-36.29, -28.67)]. With the increase of 24 h sodium intake, all estimation methods changed from the overestimation to underestimation. In those with 24 h sodium intake <9.0 g, the estimated difference (95 %CI) of the INTERSALT method was the smallest as 43.15 (37.73, 48.57) and 1.26 (-2.10, 4.63) mmol for <6.0 and 6.0-8.9 g groups, respectively. In those with 24 h sodium intake≥9.0 g, the Kawasaki method had the smallest estimated difference (95 %CI) as -12.50 (-18.14, -6.86) and -53.73 (-61.25, -46.22) for 9.0-11.9 g and ≥ 12.0 g group, respectively. The consistency analysis of the Bland-Altman method showed that the Kawasaki method had the best consistency with actual measured value and it had the least number of points outside the range (69 points accounting for 4.84%). Conclusion:Among the three spot urine methods, the Kawasaki method has better applicability in predicting the excretion of 24 h urine sodium in the Chinese population.

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of three spot urine methods (Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka) for estimating the 24 h urinary sodium excretion in the Chinese population.Methods:In 2017, 1 499 participants aged 18 to 69 years old were selected from Yiwu City, Haining City, Taishun County, Yinzhou District of Ningbo City and Liandu District of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province by using the multistage random sampling method. Sociodemographic information of the subjects was collected with questionnaires and physical measurements were performed. 24 h urine was collected and urinary volume was recorded. The concentrations of urinary sodium, potassium and creatinine were also measured. Kawasaki, INTERSALT and Tanaka spot urine methods were applied to estimate the 24 h urinary sodium excretion and compared with actual values among 1 426 participants who passed urine integrity test.Results:The age of participants was (46.71±14.04) years old, including 700 males, accounting for 49.1%. The actual value of 24 h urinary sodium excretion was (167.10±74.70) mmol, but Kawasaki method overestimated it as (184.61±57.10) mmol, and INTERSALT and Tanaka methods underestimated it as(134.62±39.21) and (143.20±35.66) mmol. Estimated difference (95 %CI) (mmol) from small to large was Kawasaki method [17.51 (13.54, 21.47)], Tanaka method [-23.90 (-27.60, -20.20)] and INTERSALT method [-32.48 (-36.29, -28.67)]. With the increase of 24 h sodium intake, all estimation methods changed from the overestimation to underestimation. In those with 24 h sodium intake <9.0 g, the estimated difference (95 %CI) of the INTERSALT method was the smallest as 43.15 (37.73, 48.57) and 1.26 (-2.10, 4.63) mmol for <6.0 and 6.0-8.9 g groups, respectively. In those with 24 h sodium intake≥9.0 g, the Kawasaki method had the smallest estimated difference (95 %CI) as -12.50 (-18.14, -6.86) and -53.73 (-61.25, -46.22) for 9.0-11.9 g and ≥ 12.0 g group, respectively. The consistency analysis of the Bland-Altman method showed that the Kawasaki method had the best consistency with actual measured value and it had the least number of points outside the range (69 points accounting for 4.84%). Conclusion:Among the three spot urine methods, the Kawasaki method has better applicability in predicting the excretion of 24 h urine sodium in the Chinese population.

Objective: To understand prevalence, control of hypertension and intake of sodium and potassium among residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province. Methods: A multi-stage random cluster sampling method was used to select 3 032 residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province. The demographic characteristics, prevalence and control of hypertension were collected through a questionnaire survey, and physical measurement was also performed. The stratified random sampling method was used to detect the level of sodium and potassium in the 24 h urine of 676 subjects. The total amount of 24 h urinary sodium ≥102.55 mmol and the ratio of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium content ≥2 were defined as excessive. Results: The prevalence of hypertension (95%CI) was 56.89% (54.39%-59.40%), and the awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension were 58.25% (55.01%-61.49%), 45.37% (42.10%-48.65%) and 19.75% (17.01%-22.50%), respectively. 78.99% (n=534) of residents had excessive 24 h urinary sodium, and 95.41% (n=360) of residents had excessive ratio of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension in residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province was at a high level, and the control of hypertension was not satisfactory in 2017. Most of residents have excessive level of sodium intake and the level of sodium and potassium intake was not balanced.

Objective: To investigate the sodium,potassium and blood pressure of adult residents in Liandu District of Lishui,and to provide evidence for salt reduction intervention. Methods: A stratified random sampling method was used to select residents aged 18 to 69 years in Liandu District from December 2016 to February 2017. A questionnaire survey and physical examination were conducted to collect basic information. The 24-hour urine samples were collected to detect sodium and potassium intake. Results: Among 300 participants,the average daily intake of sodium was（10.59±3.90）g,which was higher in men than in women [（11.11±4.33）g vs.（10.08±3.37）g,P<0.05]. There were 274 participants with average daily intake of sodium more than 6 g,accounting for 91.33%. The average daily intake of potassium was（1.67±0.71）g,which was higher in women than in men [（1.77±0.72）g vs.（1.57±0.68）g,P<0.05]. The average daily intakes of potassium were significantly different among different age groups,with participants aged 20 to 29 years the lowest（P<0.05）. There were 217 participants with average daily intake of potassium less than 2 g,accounting for 72.33%. The ratio of sodium to potassium was 4.7±2.2,which was higher in men than in women（5.3±2.7 vs. 4.1±1.4,P<0.05）and decreased with age（P<0.05）. There were 291 participants with the ratio more than 1.87,accounting for 97.00%. The prevalence of hypertension was 31.67%,which was 33.65% in men and 29.80% in women. Conclusion The residents in Liandu District have high intake of sodium and prevalence of hypertension,yet low intake of potassium.

Objective : To investigate the knowledge,attitude and practice of salt reduction for hypertension prevention among residents in Liandu District of Lishui,and to provide reference for intervention of salt reduction. Methods : Residents aged 18-69 years in two communities and three towns of Liandu District were selected by multistage stratified random sampling method. They were investigated the prevalence of hypertension and knowledge,attitude and practice of salt reduction for hypertension prevention. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors for knowledge,attitude and practice of salt reduction for hypertension prevention. Results : Among 1 801 participants,1 509 completed the survey,with a response rate of 83.79%. The prevalence of hypertension was 31.88%. The proportions of the participants who had knowledge, attitude and practice of salt reduction for hypertension prevention were 33.40%,60.70% and 58.58%,respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that women（OR=1.583,95%CI：1.248-2.008）,hypertension（OR= 1.734,95%CI：1.303-2.308）,30 to 39 years old（OR=0.368,95%CI：0.226-0.597）,junior high school and above education（OR=0.057-0.403,95%CI：0.036-0.577）were the influencing factors for the knowledge of salt reduction for hypertension prevention;women（OR=1.342,95%CI：1.072-1.679）,married（OR=1.582,95%CI：1.167-2.144）,junior or senior high school education（OR=0.235-0.525,95%CI：0.163-0.736）,having the knowledge（OR=2.640,95%CI：2.033-3.430）were the influencing factors for the attitude of salt reduction for hypertension prevention;women（OR=1.632,95%CI：1.304-2.044）,30 to 39 years old（OR=0.494,95%CI：0.346-0.705）,rural residents（OR= 1.617,95%CI：1.276-2.050）,family history of chronic diseases（OR=1.455,95%CI：1.148-1.845）,having the knowledge（OR= 1.396,95%CI：1.084-1.797）,having the attitude（OR=4.059,95%CI：3.203-5.145）were the influencing factor for the practice of salt reduction for hypertension prevention. Conclusion The residents in Liandu District had low levels of the knowledge,attitude and practice of salt reduction for hypertension prevention. The higher levels of the knowledge and attitude of salt reduction for hypertension prevention,the higher level of the practice.

Objective To understand prevalence, control of hypertension and intake of sodium and potassium among residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province. Methods A multi?stage random cluster sampling method was used to select 3 032 residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province. The demographic characteristics, prevalence and control of hypertension were collected through a questionnaire survey, and physical measurement was also performed. The stratified random sampling method was used to detect the level of sodium and potassium in the 24 h urine of 676 subjects. The total amount of 24 h urinary sodium ≥102.55 mmol and the ratio of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium content ≥2 were defined as excessive. Results The prevalence of hypertension (95%CI) was 56.89% (54.39%-59.40%), and the awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension were 58.25% (55.01%-61.49%), 45.37% (42.10%-48.65%) and 19.75% (17.01%-22.50%), respectively. 78.99% (n=534) of residents had excessive 24 h urinary sodium, and 95.41% (n=360) of residents had excessive ratio of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension in residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province was at a high level, and the control of hypertension was not satisfactory in 2017. Most of residents have excessive level of sodium intake and the level of sodium and potassium intake was not balanced.

Objective To understand prevalence, control of hypertension and intake of sodium and potassium among residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province. Methods A multi?stage random cluster sampling method was used to select 3 032 residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province. The demographic characteristics, prevalence and control of hypertension were collected through a questionnaire survey, and physical measurement was also performed. The stratified random sampling method was used to detect the level of sodium and potassium in the 24 h urine of 676 subjects. The total amount of 24 h urinary sodium ≥102.55 mmol and the ratio of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium content ≥2 were defined as excessive. Results The prevalence of hypertension (95%CI) was 56.89% (54.39%-59.40%), and the awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension were 58.25% (55.01%-61.49%), 45.37% (42.10%-48.65%) and 19.75% (17.01%-22.50%), respectively. 78.99% (n=534) of residents had excessive 24 h urinary sodium, and 95.41% (n=360) of residents had excessive ratio of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension in residents aged 50-69 years old in Zhejiang Province was at a high level, and the control of hypertension was not satisfactory in 2017. Most of residents have excessive level of sodium intake and the level of sodium and potassium intake was not balanced.

Objective. To study the features and mechanism of the cerebral evoked potentials by repetitive stimulation of calf muscle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients with obvious muscular dystrophy and psuedohypertrophy. Methods. Cerebral evoked potentials by stimulation of calf muscles and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) by the stimulation of posterior tibial nerves at ankle were measured in 10 patients with DMD and 10 normal controls matched with gender and age. The intensity of the magnetic stimulation was at 30％ of maximal output (2.1 Tesla, MagPro magnetic stimulator, Dantec) and the frequency was 1 Hz. The low intensity of magnetic stimulation was just sufficient to produce a contraction of the muscle belly underneath the coil. Recording electrode was placed at 2 cm posterior to the Cz, reference to Fpz. The latencies of N33, P38, N48 and P55 and amplitude (P38－ N48) were recorded. SEPs were recorded by routine methods. Results. In normal subjects, the amplitudes of cerebral evoked potentials by magnetic stimulation of calf muscle was 40％ lower than that by electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerves at ankle. The latency of P38 was 2.9± 2.1 ms longer compared with electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerves at ankle. In 6 patients, P38 latency from magnetic stimulation was remarkably prolonged (P<0.01), and in 4 patients, there was no remarkable response. SEPs evoked by electrical stimulation were normal in all of the patients.? Conclusion. DMD is an available model for the study of mechanism of cerebral evoked potentials by magnetic stimulating muscle. We can conclude that the responses from magnetic stimulation were produced by muscle input. The abnormal responses in patients may relate to decreased input of muscle by stimulating dystrophic and psedohypertrophic muscle.