Objective: To summarize the genetic and clinical phenotypic characteristics of patients with early-onset myopathy, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia (EMARDD) caused by multiple epidermal growth factor 10 (MEGF10) gene defect. Methods: The clinical data of 3 infants in 1 family with EMARDD caused by MEGF10 gene defect diagnosed in the Department of Neonatology, Xiamen Children's Hospital in April 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Using "multiple epidermal growth factor 10" "myopathy" or "MEGF10" "myopathy" as the key words, and searching the relevant literature reports of CNKI, Wanfang Database and PubMed Database from the establishment of the database to September 2022. Combined with this family, the main clinical information and genotype characteristics of EMARDD patients caused by MEGF10 gene defect were summarized. Results: The proband, male, first infant of monozygotic twins, was admitted to hospital 7 days after birth "due to intermittent cyanosis with weak sucking". The infant had dysphagia accompanied with cyanosis of lips during feeding and crying after birth. Physical examination on admission revealed reduced muscle tone of the extremities, flexion of the second to fifth fingers of both hands with limited passive extension of proximal interphalangeal joints, and limited abduction of both hips. He was diagnosed as dysphagia of newborn, congenital dactyly. After admission, he was given limb and oral rehabilitation training, breathing gradually became stable and oral feeding fully allowed, and discharged along with improvement. The younger brother of the proband was admitted to the hospital at the same time, and his clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment process were the same as those of the proband. The elder brother of the proband died at the age of 8 months due to the delayed growth and development, severe malnutrition, hypotonia, single palmoclal crease and weak crying. A whole exon sequencing of the family was done, and found that the 3 children were all compound heterozygous variations at the same site of MEGF10 gene, with 2 splicing variants (c.218+1G>A, c.2362+1G>A), which came from the father and mother respectively, and the new variation was consistent with the autosomal recessive inheritance model. Three children were finally diagnosed as EMARDD caused by MEGF10 gene defect. There are 0 Chinese literature and 18 English literature that met the search conditions. Totally 17 families including 28 patients were reported. There were 31 EMARDD patients including 3 infants from this family. Among them, there were 13 males and 18 females. The reported age of onset ranged from 0 to 61 years. Except for 5 patients with incomplete clinical data, 26 patients were included in the analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The clinical features were mainly dyspnea (25 cases), scoliosis (22 cases), feeding difficulties (21 cases), myasthenia (20 cases), and other features including areflexia (16 cases) and cleft palate or high palatal arch(15 cases). Muscle biopsy showed non-specific changes, with histological characteristics ranging from slight muscle fiber size variation to minicores change which was seen in all 5 patients with at least 1 missense mutation of allele. In addition, the adult onset was found in patients with at least 1 missense variant of MEGF10 gene. Conclusions: MEGF10 gene defect related EMARDD can occur in the neonatal period, and the main clinical features are muscle weakness, breathing and feeding difficulties. Patients with myopathy who have at least 1 missense mutation and muscle biopsy indicating minicores change may be relatively mild.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; Cyanosis ; Deglutition Disorders ; EGF Family of Proteins ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Muscle Weakness ; Muscular Diseases/genetics* ; Retrospective Studies

A full-term female infant was admitted at 5 hours after birth due to heart malformations found during the fetal period and cyanosis once after birth. Mmultiple malformations of eyes, face, limbs, and heart were noted. The whole-exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic heterozygous mutation, c.2428C>T(p.Arg810^*), in the BCOR gene. The infant was then diagnosed with oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome. He received assisted ventilation to improve oxygenation and nutritional support during hospitalization. Right ventricular double outlet correction was performed 1 month after birth. Ocular lesions were followed up and scheduled for elective surgery. The possibility of oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome should be considered for neonates with multiple malformations of eyes, face, and heart, and genetic testing should be performed as early as possible to confirm the diagnosis; meanwhile, active ophthalmic and cardiovascular symptomatic treatment should be given to improve the prognosis.
Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Abnormalities, Multiple/therapy* ; Cataract/genetics* ; Cyanosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Repressor Proteins/genetics* ; Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics*

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of 6 children with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). Methods: This retrospective study analyzed the clinical manifestations, examinations, treatment and prognosis of 6 children with IIP who were hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2015 to March 2020. Results: Of the 6 children, 2 were males and 4 were females, aged 4.8 to10.6 years. All children had a subacute onset, and presented with cough, shortness of breath and cyanosis. The lung high-resolution CT (HRCT) showed diffuse patchiness in bilateral lung fields in all the children and reticular pattern in 2 cases. Pulmonary function test found moderate to severe mixed defect in 5 children. Lung biopsy was performed in 4 children. All of the 6 children were treated with systemic glucocorticoids, of whom 2 cases had additional inhaled glucocorticoids. Four children were finally diagnosed as cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), whose lung HRCT return to normal in 1-11 months. Two children were finally diagnosed as nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), and had long-term residual fibrosis on lung HRCT. The 6 children were followed up for 1 year to 6 years and 5 months after discontinuation of systemic glucocorticoids, and all had no recurrence. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of IIP in children are subacute onset presented with cough, shortness of breath, cyanosis and diffuse patchiness in bilateral lungs on HRCT. The common subtypes of IIP in children are COP and NSIP. Systemic glucocorticoid is effective for IIP in children and there is a good prognosis overall.
Child ; Cough/etiology* ; Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia ; Cyanosis/pathology* ; Dyspnea/pathology* ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias/pathology* ; Lung/pathology* ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

cyanosis, and apnea after delivery. The patient underwent surgical correction of pyriform stenosis with a transnasal approach. During follow up, the patient showed recurred respiratory distress and cyanosis. Revision operation was necessary to reduce the bony inferior turbinate and pyriform aperture. CNPAS should be suspected in newborns with clinical signs of severe nasal obstruction associated with difficulty passing a small catheter through the anterior nares.]]>
Airway Obstruction ; Apnea ; Catheters ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Cyanosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Holoprosencephaly ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Maxilla ; Nasal Obstruction ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Turbinates

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of volume therapy with sodium acetate Ringer solution during the perioperative period in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: The children who underwent elective surgery for cyanotic CHD admitted to Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to the Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University from September to December 2018 were divided into three groups according to random number table with the informed consent of their legal representatives. All of the children received volume therapy with infusion of sodium acetate Ringer solution intravenously upon anesthesia induction. The volume of infusion was calculated according to the "4-2-1" formula (group A, the rehydration volume was 4 mL×kg^-1×h^-1 for the first 10 kg body weight, 2 mL×kg^-1×h^-1 for the second 10 kg, and 1 mL×kg^-1×h^-1 for the third 10 kg and above), and the volume was increased by 50% or 100% in groups B and C, respectively. The intravenous infusion lasted for 30 minutes in all the three groups. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed before and 30 minutes after infusion to observe the acid-base status and electrolyte level. Pulse oxygen saturation (SpO₂), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) before and 10, 20, 30 minutes after infusion, central venous pressure (CVP) at 30 minutes after infusion were recorded, as well as adverse events occurred after infusion. RESULTS: Twenty-six children with cyanotic CHD, 17 male and 9 female, aged from 1 to 36 months, body weight 3.6 to 16.0 kg, and America Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) level of III or IV, were enrolled in the study. The pH value in group B at 30 minutes after infusion was significantly higher than that before infusion (7.35±0.05 vs. 7.32±0.06, P < 0.05), while no significant changes were found before and after infusion in the other two groups. The hematocrits (Hct) after infusion in three groups were significantly lower than those before infusion (0.433±0.141 vs. 0.473±0.146 in group A, 0.324±0.054 vs. 0.372±0.063 in group B, 0.363±0.097 vs. 0.418±0.111 in group C, all P < 0.01), indicating that all the children in the three groups achieved effective hemodilution. However, there was no significant difference in blood gas analysis before and after infusion among the three groups. The level of blood lactic acid (Lac) in all CHD children was decreased from (1.33±0.63) mmol/L to (0.98±0.36) mmol/L after infusion of sodium acetate Ringer solution, the serum Ca²⁺ concentration was decreased from (1.22±0.06) mmol/L to (1.19±0.06) mmol/L, and the serum Cl^- concentration was increased from (108.74±2.70) mmol/L to (109.77±2.54) mmol/L with the statistically significant differences (all P < 0.01). However, no significant difference was found in Lac or electrolyte levels before and after infusion among the three groups. There was no significant difference in vital signs before and after infusion among the three groups, but the period of infusion had an effect on SpO₂ (F = 5.998, P < 0.01), HR (F = 34.279, P < 0.01) and SBP (F = 4.345, P < 0.05). HR in groups A and C were significantly lower than those before infusion, and SBP in group A was decreased gradually with the prolongation of infusion time. The CVP value at 30 minutes after infusion in group B was higher than that in group A. No adverse reactions such as rash or anaphylactic shock occurred after infusion of sodium acetate Ringer solution in all children. CONCLUSIONS The perioperative volume therapy with sodium acetate Ringer solution in children with cyanotic CHD can effectively prevent the increase in Lac level and does not aggravate metabolic acidosis. The volume of infusion was well tolerated by all the children without disturbing the hemodynamic parameters.
Child, Preschool ; China ; Cyanosis/therapy* ; Female ; Fluid Therapy ; Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Male ; Perioperative Care ; Sodium Acetate/administration & dosage* ; Treatment Outcome

Laryngeal foreign body can be a life-threatening emergency. Respiratory distress, aphonia, and cyanosis may occur in quick succession. However, in case of a non-obstructive laryngeal foreign body, symptoms can be indolent, but the hazardous foreign body can nevertheless put the patient in danger. To prevent life-threatening consequences, early detection based on symptoms is imperative. This case, which presented with usual symptoms of anterior neck pain and throat discomfort without respiratory symptoms and an unusual site of laryngeal foreign body, finally turned out to be an impacted fish bone in the subglottis.
Aphonia ; Cyanosis ; Emergencies ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Laryngoscopes ; Larynx ; Neck Pain ; Pharynx ; Trachea

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a reversible vasospasm that is aggravated by cold or emotional stress. Before confirming RP, it is essential to consider other possible causes including compressive neuropathy, sensori-neuropathy, thyroid disease, hematologic conditions and offending drugs. RP is typically characterized by the three-step color change that turns pallor (white), cyanosis (blue), and then erythema (red) of reperfusion. Once RP is diagnosed, it is important to determine whether it is primary or secondary RP. To distinguish primary from the secondary RP, the specialized tests performing in clinical practice are antinuclear antibody (ANA) and nailfold capillary microscopy (NFC). The combination of ANA and NFC is most helpful for discriminating secondary RP due to autoimmune rheumatic disease. Thereby, normal findings of NFC in primary RP distinguished from secondary RP should be understood. Patients with primary RP usually improves with symptomatic treatment focused on lifestyle modification and patient education, but those with secondary RP should be treated together with associated disease or causes.
Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Capillaries ; Cyanosis ; Erythema ; Humans ; Life Style ; Microscopic Angioscopy ; Microscopy ; Pallor ; Patient Education as Topic ; Reperfusion ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Stress, Psychological ; Thyroid Diseases

PURPOSE: Pompe disease (PD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase resulting from pathogenic GAA variants. This study describes the clinical features, genotypes, changes before and after enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), and long-term outcomes in patients with infantile-onset PD (IOPD) and late-onset PD (LOPD) at a tertiary medical center. METHODS: The medical records of 5 Korean patients (2 male, 3 female patients) diagnosed with PD between 2002 and 2013 at Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, Republic of Korea were retrospectively reviewed for data, including clinical and genetic characteristics at diagnosis and clinical course after ERT. RESULTS: Common initial symptoms included hypotonia, cyanosis, and tachycardia in patients with IOPD and limb girdle weakness in patients with LOPD. Electrocardiography at diagnosis revealed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in all patients with IOPD who showed a stable disease course during a median follow-up period of 10 years. Patients with LOPD showed improved hepatomegaly and liver transaminase level after ERT. CONCLUSION: As ERT is effective for treatment of PD, early identification of this disease is very important. Thus, patients with IOPD should be considered candidates for clinical trials of new drugs in the future.
alpha-Glucosidases ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; Child ; Cyanosis ; Diagnosis ; Electrocardiography ; Enzyme Replacement Therapy ; Extremities ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genotype ; Glycogen Storage Disease Type II ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Liver ; Male ; Medical Records ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Tachycardia

This report a case of a ten-year-old female with progressive cyanosis and dyspnea on exertion. Clinical and laboratory work up ruled out a cardiac and pulmonary pathology warranting further investigation for possible hemoglobinopathies. Enzyme assay showed deficiency in cytochrome b5 reductase seen in patients with congenital methemoglobinemia. Ascorbic acid at 200mg daily afforded gradual improvement in cyanosis.
Methemoglobinemia ; Cyanosis

PURPOSE: This report describes the results of a survey of the characteristics of pertussis in children from a single institution and compares it to data from the Korea Centers of Disease Control (KCDC). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 17 and 6 patients diagnosed with pertussis and parapertussis, respectively, at Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital from January 2005 to January 2017. RESULTS: Of the 17 patients with pertussis, 9 were under 1 year of age (52.9%), 3 were aged between 1 and 10 years (17.6%), and 5 were over 10 years of age (29.4%). Seven patients (41.2%) had never received diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines, of which 5 were infants below 2 months of age and 2 were 10 years old and lived in China. Four patients showed the initial symptoms of cough in China. The sources of infection were the parents (2 cases) and the siblings (8 cases). All patients showed prolonged severe cough and the average duration of cough was 26 days. Severe symptoms, including dyspnea, cyanosis, apnea, and seizures, were observed in the children under 2 months of age. According to the recent 10-year KCDC data, the highest rate of pertussis diagnosis was noted in infants (47.8%), followed by adolescents (18.7%). Six patients with parapertussis also presented with prolonged severe cough without any other severe symptoms. Lymphocytosis was not found, unlike the patients with pertussis. CONCLUSION: The possibility of pertussis and parapertussis should be considered among patients with prolonged severe cough, especially in infants and adolescents.
Adolescent ; Apnea ; Bordetella parapertussis ; Bordetella pertussis ; Child ; China ; Cough ; Cyanosis ; Diagnosis ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines ; Dyspnea ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Lymphocytosis ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; Siblings ; Whooping Cough