Objective:To investigate the temporal trend of the mortality rate of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among residents with different characteristics during the comprehensive prevention and control of hypertension in Tengzhou, Shandong Province from 2013 to 2021.Methods:Comprehensive prevention and control of hypertension was conducted in Tengzhou, Shandong Province from 2013 to 2021. ICH mortality rate was calculated from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2021. ICH mortality monitoring data from Tengzhou, Shandong Province was used to analyze the temporal trend of ICH mortality among residents with different characteristics. The registered residence population came from the Public Security Bureau of Tengzhou, Shandong Province. The age and gender standardized mortality rate was calculated based on the data of China's seventh population census in 2020. The temporal and age trends of mortality were analyzed using Cochran Armitage Trend Tests.Results:From 2013 to 2021, the overall crude and standardized mortality rates of ICH in Tengzhou, Shandong Province decreased from 50.51/100 000 and 63.21/100 000 to 17.51/100 000 and 16.74/100 000, respectively ( Z=-11.013 and -15.426, P<0.001), with an average annual mortality rate decrease of 12.41% and 15.30%, respectively. The overall crude and standardized mortality rates in 2017 peaked compared to 2016, mainly due to an increase of 32.94% and 30.92% in male ICH crude and standardized mortality rates, respectively ( χ2=12.328 and 15.854, P<0.05). The mortality rate of ICH increased with age, and the decreasing trend over time became increasingly evident with age. The mortality rate of ICH in the ≥65 year old age group decreased by 77.94% over 9 years ( Z=-14.065, P<0.001). In 2017, the mortality rate of ICH in the male age group ≥65 years old and female 45-54 years old increased by 31.13% and 125.79% compared to 2016 respectively, there were statistically significant differences ( χ2=8.877 and 5.421, P<0.05). In 2021, the mortality rates of urban and rural ICH decreased by 93.22% and 46.40% compared to 2013, respectively ( Z=-13.279 and -5.393, P<0.001), with an average annual decrease of 28.56% and 7.50%, respectively. The ICH mortality rate in rural areas increased by 30.54% in 2017 compared to 2016 ( χ2=16.086, P<0.001); after 2018, the mortality rate of ICH began to be higher than that of urban areas ( χ2=33.400 and 67.305, P<0.001). Conclusions:The ICH mortality rate in Tengzhou, Shandong Province has shown a significant downward trend over time, with male mortality rate higher than female mortality rate and rural mortality rate higher than urban areas. This suggests that the key attention should be paid to both male and rural areas.

In recent years， plenty of studies have demonstrated that deep brain stimulation （DBS） has potential efficacy for treatment-resistant depression. This paper reviews the worldwide research progress of DBS in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression， in which the DBS treatment mechanism， targets and outcomes are discussed， the limitations of current DBS treatment are summarized， and the development direction of DBS is also forecasted， therefore providing a factual basis for relevant experiments in China.

Activation of inflammatory responses regulates the transmission of pain pathways through an integrated network in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The immunopotentiator thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) has recently been reported to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions in rodents. However, how Tα1 affects inflammatory pain remains unclear. In the present study, intraperitoneal injection of Tα1 attenuated complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced pain hypersensitivity, and decreased the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in inflamed skin and the spinal cord. We found that CFA-induced peripheral inflammation evoked strong microglial activation, but the effect was reversed by Tα1. Notably, Tα1 reversed the CFA-induced up-regulation of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) and down-regulated the vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid transporter (VGAT) in the spinal cord. Taken together, these results suggest that Tα1 plays a therapeutic role in inflammatory pain and in the modulation of microglia-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in addition to mediation of VGLUT and VGAT expression in the spinal cord.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the anatomical and developmental characteristics of nasal sinuses in 1-2 years old children; and provide potential evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis in 1-2 years old children. METHOD: Coronal CT scans of 60 cases (1-2 years old children) were studied with the imaging station. Reference datas were identified on these images using imaging station. The gasification conditions of the sinuses were identified and measured. RESULT: 100% of the frontal sinuses were not developed, while 100% of the maxillary sinuses were developed. The mean of the transverse and vertical diameters for the left side of the maxillary sinuse was (13.32 ± 2.88) mm and (13.55 ± 2.43) mm, respectively. While those for the right side were (13.63 ± 2.75) mm and (13.59 ± 2.13) mm, respectively. The anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses were 100% developed. The mean transverse and vertical diameters for the left side of the anterior ethmoid sinus were (3.94 ± 0.86) mm and (11.92 ± 1.67) mm, respectively. While those mean for its right side were (3.88 ± 0.88) mm and (12.18 ± 1.86) mm, respectively. The mean transverse and vertical diameters for the left side of the posterior ethmoid sinus were (6.02 ± 1.07) mm and (10.51 ± 1.43) mm, respectively. While those for the right side were (5.91 ± 1.20) mm and (10.51 ± 1.55) mm, respectively. 88.3% (106 sides) of the sphenoid sinuses were developed, while 11.7% (14 sides) were not developed. The mean transverse and vertical diameters for the left side of the sphenoid sinus were (5.18 ± 2.15) mm and (5.78 ± 1.86) mm, respectively. While those for the right side were (4.91 ± 2.24) mm and (5.89 ± 2.03) mm, respectively. CONCLUSION The nasal sinuses in 1-2 years old children have been already developed. The development of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses was clear and definite. The pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus was defined in many babies; however, the pneumatization of the frontal sinus was not defined in all babies. Acute rhinosinusitis in 1-2 years old children is not uncommon. Therefore, definite diagnosis and positive treatment of such cases are essential for avoidance of serious complications.
Ethmoid Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; Frontal Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Infant ; Maxillary Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; Sinusitis ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Sphenoid Sinus ; anatomy & histology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective To clone and express a high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)protein of Schistosoma japonicum(Main-land strain)and analyze its function. Methods The DNA fragment of open reading frame encoding Sj HMGB1 protein was ampli-fied by RT-PCR from the mRNA of S. japonicum worms,then it was subcloned into the expression vector pET28a(+)to form the recombinant expression plasmid SjHMGB1-pET28a. The recombinant expression plasmid was transformed into the component E. coli BL21(DE3),and the tranformant containing recombinant expression plasmid was induced with IPTG to express the recombi-nant protein SjHMGB1. The recombinant SjHMGB1 protein was purified by affinity chromatography with nickel chelating affinity chromatography agarose gel. The Gel retard experiment and animal immunization were performed to analyze the DNA binding ca- pacity and the immunologic property of recombinant SjHMGB1. The expression levels of HMGB1 in different life cycle stages of S. japonicum were analyzed by Western bloting and RT-PCR. Female ICR mice were immunized with the recombinant SjHMGB1 pro-tein and infected with 45±2 cercariae of S. japonicum after three immunizations. Forty-two days post-infection,the worms and eggs of S. japonicum were recovered from the portal vein and liver tissue,respectively. The worm and egg reduction rates were calculat-ed respectively. Results A 530 bp of specific DNA fragment was amplified from mRNA of S. japonicum by RT-PCR,which was the open reading frame(ORF)encoding SjHMGB1protein confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis. The recombinant expression plasmid SjHMGB1-pET28a was constructed by cloning the ORF of SjHMGB1 into a expression vector pET28a(+). The bacterium transformants containing the recombinant plasmid expressed a soluble recombinant protein about 28 kDa after induced by IPTG, and the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein was purified by nickel chelating affinity chromatography. The gel retard experiment showed that the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein could bind to both supercoiled DNA and linear DNA,and the recombinant protein immu-nized mice produced high titers of antiserum IgG. Western bloting indicated that the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein was recognized specifically by the S. japonicum-infected mice serum. Above results showed that the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein possessed both functional activity and immunogenicity as the natural protein. RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that SjHMGB1 was abun-dantly expressed in the adult and egg stages whereas barely detectable in the cercaria stage. The immune protection experiment showed that the recombinant SjHMGB1 induced mice to produce high titers of specific antibody IgG but failed to conduct an effec-tive immune protection against S. japonicum. Conclusion The gene encoding HMGB1 from S. japonicum and the soluble recombi-nant SjHMGB1 protein with natural functional activity are obtained,and the recombinant SjHMGB1 has a high immunogenicity but is not able to induce an effective immune protection against S. japonicum.

Objective To study the effect of praziquantel on cells within sehistosomal ovum granuloma in the lung of mice.Methods Forty-eight mice were divided into 4 groups.Group A:first,the mice were injected with sehistosomal ova hypodermically in abdomen,and 10 days later,injected with schistosomal ova intravenously in the cauda;Group B:in addition to the injection of schistosomal ova as the same of Group A,the mice were administered with praziquantel[300 mg/(kg·d)]for 3 days,one day before the intravenous injection of the ova;Group C:in addition to the injection of schistosomal ova as the same of Group A,the mice were administered with praziquantel(75 mg/kg,B.i.d.) for 5 days weekly until the mice were sacrificed;Group D:the same as Group C but praziquantel was given to the mice from the 29th after the intravenous injection of the ova.Three mice of each group were sacrificed on the 7th,14th,28th,56th day after the intravenous injection of the ova and the lung tissues were fixed with formalin and the slices were HE stained.Twenty-five to thirty pieces of schistosomal ovum granuloma were examined and the neutrophilic granulocytes,eosinocytes,lymphocytes,fibroblasts and macrophages within the ovum granulomas were counted and the mean numbers of them of each group were calculated and compared.Results Compared with Group A,the mean numbers of neutrophilic granulocytes,eosinocytes and macrophages within the ovum granulomas were decreased significantly,and the extend of the increase of fibroblasts reduced significantly in the three groups administered with praziquantel,and especially in Group C.On the 56th day after the intravenous injection of the ova,the mean numbers of neutrophilic granulocytes,eosinocytes and macrophages decreased by 54.4%、87.0% and 23.1%,and the extend of the increase of fibroblasts reduce by 59.4%,respectively in Group C,compared with Group A.The numbers of lymphocytes did not change very much in 4 groups.Conclusion Praziquantel can restrain inflammatory cells and the hyperplasia of fibroblasts within schistosomal ovum granulomas.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare thermosensitive meloxicam hydrogel and establish its quality control method.METHODS: The hydrogel was prepared with poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 as base.The content of meloxicam in the thermosensitive gel was determined by UV spectrophotometry.RESULTS: The thermosensitive meloxicam hydrogel was yellowish or flavovirens in color,with its identification and tests all in conformity with the related specification stated in Chinese Pharmacopeia(2005 edition).The linear response range of meloxican was 1.956～19.56 mg?L-1(r=0.999 7).The average recovery was 98.42%(RSD=1.53%).CONCLUSION: The preparative technique is simple,and the quality of the preparation is controllable.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of domestic sparfloxacin for acute bacterial infections.METHODS:Domestic literatures about sparfloxacin for acute bacterial infections were retrieved by computer and their quality was evaluated to extract data(1993～2009).RevMan 4.2.2 software was used for Meta-analysis.RESULTS:A total of 10 RCT were enrolled.The comparisons of 2 groups were homogeneous in terms of clinical cure rate,clinical response rate,bacterial clearance rate and safety.There was statistical significance in comparison of combined effect variable between 2 groups in respect of cure rate,response rate and bacterial clearance rate(P0.05).CONCLUSION:The currently available evidence shows that clinical efficacy of domestic sparfloxacin for acute bacterial infections is better and incidence of ADR was lower.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare thermo-sensitive ornidazole hydrogel and establish its quality control method.METHODS: Thermo-sensitive ornidazole hydrogel was prepared with ornidazole as chief constituent using poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 as base.The content of ornidazole in the hydrogel was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.RESULTS: The preparation was white or yellowish semisolid gel,and its test results were up to the related standard specified in Chinese Pharmacopeia(2005 Edition).The linear range of ornidazole was 3.98～43.77 mg?L-1(r=0.999 8),and its mean recovery was 98.52%(RSD=1.1%).CONCLUSION: The preparation is simple and feasible in preparation process,and the quality of the preparation is stable and controllable.

Objective To investigate the function and clinical significance of platelet-derived microparticles (PMP), glycoprotein(GP)Ⅱb-Ⅲa, PagT and blood-lipid in whole blood of patients with cerebro-thrombotic diseases before and after treatment. Methods The quantity of PMPs, activation ratio of GPⅡb-Ⅲa and PAgT were measured before and after treatment of cerebro-thrombotic patients by using flow cytometry and platelet adhesion instrument. Blood-lipid concentration was measured by automatic-biochemical analyzer. Results PMP, GPⅡb-Ⅲa , PAgT, TC, TG, and LDL were (223?54)/10 4 Plt, (77.98?14.22)%, (69.78?16.93) %, (5.12?0.85) mmol/L, (1.78?0.28) mmol/L, and (3.49?0.66) mmol/L respectively before treatment; and were (136?18)10 4Plt, (40.71?11.64) %, (58.12?12.51)%, (4.84?0.73) mmol/L, (1.43?0.33) mmol/L, and (3.03?0.62) mmol/L,respectively in the treatment group. These parameters were significantly decreased than that before treatment (P