AIM: To explore retinal microvascular changes in migraine patients using meta-analysis.METHODS: The National Library of Medicine PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to find relevant studies, and the search period was from the creation of database to June 2023. Two investigators independently screened the literatures, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of included studies using the NOS scale. STATA15.0 was used for Meta-analysis and publication bias evaluation, sensitivity analysis was performed for results with large heterogeneity, and the funnel plot and Egger were used to assess the publication bias of the literature.RESULTS:A total of 12 studies, including 217 patients(252 eyes)with migraine with aura(MA), 283 patients(388 eyes)with migraine without aura(MO), and 374 healthy individuals(479 eyes), were included in this Meta-analysis. Several optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)indicators, including foveal avascular zone(FAZ)macular or optic disc perfusion density were compared and analyzed. The Meta-analysis results showed that compared with healthy controls, patients with MA had a significant increase in FAZ area and perimeter, a significant decrease in perfusion density of the macular deep capillary plexus(mDCP)except for the fovea, and a significant decrease in perfusion density of the radial peripapillary capillaries(RPC)around the optic disc; the FAZ parameters were significantly increased in MO, while the differences in perfusion density of the macular superficial capillary plexus(mSCP), mDCP and RPC were not statistically significant, except for the perfusion density in the parafovea mDCP.CONCLUSIONS: Both MA and MO patients had an enlarged FAZ area, patients with MA had a significant decrease in mDCP perfusion density, and migraine patients had some degree of retinal ischemia.

Objective : To investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) on human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) glycolysis by regulating pyruvate kinase M2 ( PKM2) expression. Methods : HRMECs were cultured in vitro and divided into normal control (NC) group, high glucose (HG) group, high glucose + ginsenoside Rg1 (HG + GRg1) group, high glucose + ginsenoside Rg1 + low expression PKM2 ( HG + GRg1 + si-PKM2) group, and high glucose + ginsenoside Rg1 + overexpression PKM2 (HG + GRg1 + OE⁃PKM2) group. si-PKM2 and OE⁃PKM2 were transfected into HRMECs cells by cell transfection. The expression of PKM2 mRNA in HRMECs was detected by qRT⁃PCR. The expression levels of related proteins in HRMECs were detected by Western blot. The number of lumen formation in vitro was observed under an inverted microscope to quantify the angiogenesis ability. Cell culture medium of each group was collected, and glucose intake, lactate production and adenosine triphosphate(ATP)content were detected by glucose detection kit, lactate detection kit and ATP detection kit,re spectively. Results : HG induced HRMECs significantly increased the number of blood vessel formation, glycolysis and PKM2 expression, while GRg1 treatment significantly reduced the number of blood vessel formation, glycolysis and PKM2 expression; transfection of si⁃PKM2 assisted the inhibitory effect of GRg1 on glycolysis and angiogenesis while transfection of OE⁃PKM2 interfered with the function of GRg1 . Conclusion GRg1 inhibits angiogenesis by inhibiting PKM2 to reduce glycolysis of HRMECs.

Objective To investigate the correlation of microperimetric parameters,best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) in diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes.Methods It is a prospective,no controlled,open study.Twenty-four consecutive patients (40 eyes) with DME were included.There were 10 males (18 eyes),14 females (22 eyes);aged from 41 to 79 years,with the mean age of (56.84±8.96) years.All the patients were type 2 diabetes,the average duration of diabetes was 8 years.BCVA was evaluated using the international Snellen E vision test chart,and then recorded as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR).CRT was measured by Cirrus HD-OCT4000.MAIA microperimetric parameters were evaluated,including average threshold (AT) of retinal sensitivity,macular integrity index (MI),fixating points within a circle of 1° (P1) and 2° of radius (P2),bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA) considering 63％ and 95％ of fixating points (A63,A95),and horizontal and vertical axes of that ellipse (H63,H95,V63,V95).Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the association between these variables.The independent factor influenced the type of fixation was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis.Results Strong correlations of logMAR BCVA with CRT (r=0.58,P=0.000),V63 (r=0.44,P=0.004),V95 (r=0.41,P=0.008),MI (r=0.36,P=0.024),AT (r=-0.61,P=0.000),P1 (r=-0.41,P=0.009),P2 (r=-0.38,P=0.015) were found.AT was correlations with P1 (r=0.53,P=0.000),P2 (r=0.51,P=0.001),A63 (r=-0.39,P=0.012),A95 (r=-0.40,P=0.012),V63 (r=-0.53,P=0.000),V95 (r=-0.46,P=0.003),MI (r=-0.50,P=0.001).There was no correlation between AT and CRT (r=-0.21,P=0.190).Forty eyes were included in this study,8 eyes (20％) had stable fixation,14 eyes (35％) had relatively unstable fixation,18 eyes (45％)had unstable fixation.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fixation classification was independently affected by P 1.Conclusions In DME eyes,logMAR BCVA was positively correlated with CRT,negatively correlated with AT,P1 and P2.There is no correlation between AT and CRT.The fixation classification was independently affected by P 1.

Neocryptotanshinone (NCTS) is a natural product isolated from traditional Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In this study, we investigated its anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage (RAW264.7) cells. MTT results showed that NCTS partly reversed LPS-induced cytotoxicity. Real-time PCR results showed that NCTS suppressed LPS-induced mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Moreover, NCTS could decrease LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Western blotting results showed that NCTS could down-regulate LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), p-IκBα, p-IKKβ and p-NF-κB p65 without affecting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In addition, NCTS inhibited LPS-induced p-NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that NCTS showed anti-inflammatory effect by suppression of NF-κB and iNOS signaling pathways.

Objective To assess the clinical efficacy of foam sclerotherapy with lauromacrogol for varicose veins of the lower extremities.Methods During the period from February to July 2011,we retrospectively analyzed 20 patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities,who were treated with lauromacrogol foam sclerosing agent injected directly at varicose veins,and in 5 extremities injected at the great saphenous vein(GSV) through a catheter at the same time.Elastic bandages were applied at the site of the injected varicosities after the therapy.The clogging of the varicose veins,the improvement of the clinical symptoms and the adverse reaction were observed. Results Lauromacrogol foam sclerosing agent was successfully injected under the guidance of fluoroscopy in 20 patients with 28 affected extremities. The average volume of foam sclerosing agent in each affected extremity was 7.8 ml. All patients presented selflimiting minor complications,including swelling and pain,which was obviously alleviated by the externallyapplied Mucopolysaccharide Polysulfate Cream.Two patients presented cough that was relieved after inhaling oxygen. Most of treated varicosities demonstrated pigmentation after the first week, which gradually disappeared after the four-month use of vitamin E capsule.A second foam sclerotherapy was carried out for 3 affected extremities of 3 patients two months after the first therapy. Two cases of leg venous ulcer were healed within a few weeks.All patients could walk immediately with no deep vein thrombosis,pulmonary embolism,anaphylaxis,or transient visual disturbance. Obvious abnormal varicose veins as well as the soreness and fatigue of the lower extremities disappeared in all patients at the 10th-month follow-up.The grading of the disease was significantly improved by the treatment (Z =5.103,P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions The efficacy of lauromacrogol foam sclerosing agent in the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities is confirmed,with advantages of lower complication,ease of treatment,repeatability,and outpatient treatment.the filling-defects technique under fluoroscopy is a method for tracing the sclerosing foam,and can effectively prevent the decp vcin thrombosis.

Objective To explore the ultrasound appearance of primary synovial osteochondromatosis (PSO) of the knee. Methods Thirty-eight cases with PSO were confirmed by pathology, their ultrasound features were analyzed retrospective. Results Two hundred and sixty calcify nodules showed medium echo and several motting or bolus strong echo. Two hundred and eighty-nine ossify nodules showed slightly strong echo or strong echo,or only showed arc strong echo with rear sound shadow near nodules. Twenty-six mixed type nodules showed promiscuity moderately strong echo or with rear sound shadow. Forty introsynovium cartilage lesser nodules showed synovium thickening and similar round low echo nodules,30 sursynovium lesser nodules showed high echo, with a pedicel connected to synovium, can shift deform or sway because of the pressure from transducer, often concomitance other type nodules. Ten cartilage greater nodules showed similar round or lobulated low or medium echo tuberculum. Conclusions Ultrasound can show multiple nodules of PSO of the knee, especially noncalcific nonage smaller cartilage nodules. It is helpful for clinicians to decide more reasonable operation strategy.

ObjectiveTo study the effects of dexamethasone local injection as an adjunctive therapy for Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). Methods60 HT cases were equally divided into 2 groups at random. The patients in the control group were given euthyrpx while the patients in the treated group were injected dexamethasone in addition to the medicine used in the control group. The thyroid characters such as thickness, lymphocytic infiltration and changes of thyroid follicle were observed. The patients were followed up before treatment and 4, 12, 24weeks and 1 year after treatment. ResultsIn the treatment group, all thyroid glands turned significantly softer,and the mass became smaller compared with that in the control group. The pathology of thyroids indicated that lymphocytic infiltration decreased, local immune reaction was ameliorated, and no obvious hormone side effects were observed. ConclusionLocal use of dexamethasone can modify the structure and function of thyroid.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of thyroid nodule(TN)in healthy adults of Yantaishan Hospital.Methods High frequency probe and color Doppler uhrasonography were applied to TN screening in 1125 employees of Yantaishah Hospital.Results In the 1125 adults of Yantaishan Hospital.418 were found to have TN.accounting for 37.2%of all employees.TN incidence increased with age.Thyroid nodule detection rate in female was higher than that in male(40.2%in females and 23.6%in male).The magnitude of the minimum nodule was 2 mm×1 mm in size.13 cases of TN were proved to be thyroid carcinoma.consisting 1.16%of all adults examined.Conclusion The incidence of TN and thyroid carcinoma in Yantaishan Hospital is highcr than that reported in other areas,indicating the necessity of carrying out TN screening among the healthy population.

Objective To study the relation between thyroid nodule and urine iodine and to provide a scientific basis for etiological research of thyroid nodule.Methods 178 cases of thyroid nodule were detected urine iodine concentration (μg/L) by As ( Ⅱ ) 2Ce4 + catalytic spectrophotometry.160 normal people were set as control group.Data of the 2 groups and the correlative clinical information were analyzed.Results The median urine iodine concentration was 116.2 μg/L for the 178 cases of thyroid nodule,217.2 μg/L for the control group.Among the 178 cases,the median urine iodine concentration was 125.6 μg/L for the 92 cases with nodule size ＞ 10 mm and 136.4 μg/L for the 86 cases with nodule size ＜ 10 mm.The difference of urine iodine had no statistical significance between the thyroid nodule group and the control group.There was no correlation between urine iodine and the size of thyroid nodule as well as sex.Conclusions No correlation is found between urine iodine and thyroid nodule.Patients with thyroid nodule,no matter male or female,don't have to restrict iodine intake excessively.

Objective To investigate the braking time in diagnosis of lipohemarthrosis by ultrasound. Methods Experiment group:After 20 tubes containing fresh blood and pig marrow were uniformly mixed, they were instantly continuously detected by high-frequency linear array transducer in fixed-area at short-interval.Clinical group: Ten walking patients with lipohemarthrosis were examined with continuous detection by ultrasound,CT and MR before operation.Results Experiment group: Cloudy echo and slowly floating up of lipoids were detected at the beginning.After 2.7 to 3.7 minutes (average 3.17 minutes), the liquid was divided into two layers with vague boundary.After 5.3 to 8.0 minutes (average 6.75 minutes) ,the liquid was divided into 3 layers with thickening serum laye.Clinical group: Ultrasound findings: Cloudy medium echo was detected at first.After 2.0 to 4.0 minutes (average 3.08 minutes),the liquid was divided into two layers.After 4.4 to 10.0 minutes (average 6.92 minutes) , the liquid was divided into 3 layers with thickening serum layers.Three knees showed fracture line and 2 knees with occult fracture were diagnosed as lipohemarthrosis.CT and MR findings: Ten knees showed fracture line in CT examination,of which 7 knees showed double liquid-liquid layer and 3 knees showed single liquid-liquid layer in the suprapatellar bursa.Ten knees showed fracture line in MR examination,6 knees showed double liquid-liquid layer and 4 knees showed single liquid-liquid layer in the suprapatellar bursa. Conclusions The best braking time in diagnosing lipohemarthrosis by ultrasound can be shorten to 10 minutes and the necessary braking time is 2 to 4 minutes.