Objective To investigate and analyze the occupational stress levels and influencing factors among radiation workers in China, and provide a reference for alleviating occupational stress and promoting mental health. Methods Using the general situation questionnaire, Effort-Reward Imbalance questionnaire, and radiation protection knowledge questionnaire, a convenience sampling method was adopted to investigate the occupational stress of 243 radiation workers in Liaoning, Fujian, Guangdong, and Xinjiang provinces. The independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors. Results The average score of Effort-Reward Imbalance was 0.97 ± 0.22, and 100 (41.15%) radiation workers had occupational stress. There were significant differences in the detection rate of occupational stress among radiation workers of different ages, working years in radiation positions, monthly incomes, daily sleep durations, and daily working hours (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified daily working hours as a factor contributing to occupational stress. Conclusion The occupational stress among radiation workers in China is relatively severe. It is recommended to pay attention to the associated risks and implement targeted intervention measures to reduce the impact of occupational stress.

Objective To investigate the current situation of occupational stress among radiation workers in nuclear power plants in China, to explore the factors influencing occupational stress, and to provide a reference for improving occupational stress. Methods A convenient sampling method was adopted to investigate the occupational stress of 100 radiation workers in two nuclear power plants in Fujian and Liaoning, using the general situation questionnaire, effort-reward imbalance questionnaire, and the radiation protection knowledge questionnaire. Independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis were used to examine the current situation of occupational stress and the influencing factors. Results The average value of effort-reward imbalance was 0.99 ± 0.15 and 47 (47%) radiation workers had occupational stress. There were significant differences in the detection rate of occupational stress among radiation workers with different ages, years of radiation work, monthly incomes, sleep durations (day), and exercise habits (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that monthly income, sleep duration (day), and exercise habits were the influencing factors for occupational stress. Conclusion The occupational stress of radiation workers in nuclear power plants is a serious issue influenced by many factors. Attention should be given to this issue, and targeted interventions should be implemented to improve the social and working environment of this occupational group and reduce the level of occupational stress.

Objective To compare the results of accumulation and continuation methods in indoor radon measurement. Methods The radon concentrations in 30 households in 7 provincial capital cities of China were simultaneously measured using both accumulation and continuation methods. Results The radon concentration measured by accumulation method in 30 households ranged from 21 to 323 Bq/m³, with a median M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 70.5 (43.8, 111). The radon concentration measured by the continuation method ranged from 16.1 to 258 Bq/m³, with a median M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 100 (51.3, 141). The average relative percent deviation between the two measurement methods was 41.8%. There were significant differences among the measurement results at 8, 16, and 24 h by the continuation method. Pairwise comparisons showed there were statistical diffferences between 8 h and 16 h, as well as between 8 h and 24h; however, no statistical significance was found (P < 0.05), between 16 h and 24 h. Conclusion The overall continuous measurement results of the 30 households were higher than those of cumulation method. The comparison between accumulation and continuation measurement results did not show a high level of correlation (r=0.49). The continuation method is significantly affected by environmental factors, and the length of the measurement period can affect the measurement results. The selection of indoor radon measurement methods should consider the purpose, sample size, and environmental conditions.

In recent years, occupational stress has become a focus of public attention in public health in China and abroad. Radiation workers are exposed to ionizing radiation in their daily work, which further exacerbates their levels of occupational stress. This not only affects their physical and mental health, but also increases the potential for radiation incidents or accidents. Based on the literature on occupational stress among radiation workers in China throughout the years, this article provides a summary, conclusion, and systematical analysis of the research status of occupational stress among radiation workers, with a detailed sorting of the data. It explores key research issues and directions and provides reference for future work.

Since the implementation of the Measures for the Management of Radiation Workers’ Occupational Health in November 2007, it has played an extremely important role in protecting the occupational health of radiation workers. There are more than 700 000 radiation workers in about 100 000 workplaces with potential radiation exposure, as well as a large number of miners exposed to high levels of radon. As the radiation health monitoring project suggests, measures of occupational health management such as personal dose monitoring and occupational health examination of radiation workers have been widely implemented and achieved good results in the protection of radiation workers. However, the risks of chromosomal aberration and specific turbidity of the eye lens of radiation workers have increased in high-risk positions such as interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, and industrial flaw detection. The control of high radon exposure in miners needs to be strengthened. It is necessary to adapt to the new situation in view of new challenges and actively promote the revision of the Measures for the Management of Radiation Workers’ Occupational Health, so as to further improve the occupational health management of radiation workers in China.

Humans ; COVID-19 ; Consensus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; China

Objective:To study the variation in activity in patient′s body with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) treated with 131I and external dose level, analyze the relationship between the both, and estimate the correction factor for the dose equivalent rate for the patients with residual activity of 400 MBq. Methods:A total of 43 DTC patients who received 131I therapy for the first time after total thyroidectomy were studied. The dose was 1 850-3 700 MBq and average dose was (2 405±777) MBq. The measurements of residual activity in patient′s body and of dose equivalent rate at 0.3, 1 and 3 m in front of the patients were performed at 2, 6, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30, 44, 46, 48, 54, 68 and 72 h after administration of 131I. Results:The residual activity in patient′s body after 131I therapy varied with time as a function of A= A0 (1.033 16e -0.062 4t+ 0.017 17). It can be estimated that the effective half-life of DTC patients treated with thyroid remnant 131I ablation therapy is 12.19 h. It needs only 26.4-38.9 h to reduce the internal activity to the 400 MBq. The functions of variation with time of normalized dose equivalent rate at 0.3, 1, and 3 m away from patients were: H· 0.3=127.220 7e -0.054 8t+ 3.765 71; H· 1=30.225 8e -0.064 4t+ 0.824 67; and H· 3=4.161 9e -0.061 5t+ 0.167 97, respectively. There was a positive correlation between residual activity and dose equivalent rate at 1 m ( r=0.982, P<0.05), and the function is H· 1=0.025 A+ 1.245. When residual activities in DTC patient′s body were 1 000, 700 and 400 MBq, the corresponding dose equivalent rates at 1 m from patients were 26.2, 18.7 and 11.2 μSv/h, respectively. The correction factors for dose equivalent rate at 0.3, 1 and 3 m from patients with 400 MBq were 0.25, 0.49 and 0.70, respectively. Conclusions:DTC patients with administration of 131I activity below 3 700 MBq need only to be hospitalized for two days to reach the discharge standards. When the residual activity in DTC patient′s body drops to 400 MBq, the dose equivalent rate at 1 m is far less than 25 μSv/h. Simply using the point source formula to estimate the dose equivalent rate around the patient will result in overestimation. Therefore, the correction factor used in the estimation of radiation doses to patients by using the formula needs to be further studied so as to make the model-based estimated result more consistent with the actual situation.

Chinese national standard GBZ139—2019 Radiological Protection Requirements for the Production Places of Rare Earths was published to replace GBZ 139—2002 Radiological Protection standards for the production places of rare-earth elements and implemented from April 1, 2020. Herein, background on which the new standard was based, the main modifications and the foundations were explained. More specific requirements for the production places of rare earths were stipulated in the new standard, which will play an important role in occupational health protection of the workers engaged in the mining, mineral processing and smelting of rare earths.

Objective To study the estimation method of medical exposure frequency in China through the survey of diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy institutions in selected provinces.Methods A survey of medical exposure frequency was carried out involving 557 diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy institutions in 25 provinces.The correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted,with the fitting effects of the models with different variables being compared.Results The total medical exposure frequencies highly correlated with number of outpatient,number of equipment and number of radiation workers (| r| ＞0.5).Representative samples of the daily medical exposure workload were obtained by stratified random sampling from the survey data.Mathematical models were built using the multiple linear regression between total medical exposure frequency and hospital levels,number of outpatients,number of inpatients,number of equipment,and number of radiation workers.The total medical exposure frequency in 2016 was estimated to be 589 million examinations based on the models.In addition,the frequencies of medical procedures were derived using the robust regression and the median regression.Conclusions There are several methods for estimating the total medical exposure frequency.It is desirable to use the stratified random sampling combined with the published statistical and monitoring data.The representativeness of sample is critical.The specification and optimization of models also require further study.

Jingui Yaolue is a part ofTreatise on Cold-Attack and Miscellaneous Diseases. Because of the archaic words, students lost the interest on it. So it became the questions that how to make students interested in learning theJingui Yaolue and to make traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) classical guide clinical treatment. Thus, a try has been made to teach the TCM classic in the clinical practice apprentice setting rather than the classrooms. Here, some experiences about apprentice teaching in clinical practice of Jingui Yaolue were shared.