Hypertension is the primary disease that endangers human health. A convenient and accurate blood pressure measurement method can help to prevent the hypertension. This paper proposed a continuous blood pressure measurement method based on facial video signal. Firstly, color distortion filtering and independent component analysis were used to extract the video pulse wave of the region of interest in the facial video signal, and the multi-dimensional feature extraction of the pulse wave was preformed based on the time-frequency domain and physiological principles; Secondly, an integrated feature selection method was designed to extract the universal optimal feature subset; After that, we compared the single person blood pressure measurement models established by Elman neural network based on particle swarm optimization, support vector machine (SVM) and deep belief network; Finally, we used SVM algorithm to build a general blood pressure prediction model, which was compared and evaluated with the real blood pressure value. The experimental results showed that the blood pressure measurement results based on facial video were in good agreement with the standard blood pressure values. Comparing the estimated blood pressure from the video with standard blood pressure value, the mean absolute error (MAE) of systolic blood pressure was 4.9 mm Hg with a standard deviation (STD) of 5.9 mm Hg, and the MAE of diastolic blood pressure was 4.6 mm Hg with a STD of 5.0 mm Hg, which met the AAMI standards. The non-contact blood pressure measurement method based on video stream proposed in this paper can be used for blood pressure measurement.
Humans ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Blood Pressure Determination/methods* ; Algorithms ; Hypertension/diagnosis* ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Objective: To explore the percentage of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers independently validated clinically in China. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey and Beijing, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Datong, and Shihezi were selected according to the geographical location and economic level. In each site, one tertiary hospital, two community health centers, and 20 families with electronic sphygmomanometers in use were chosen. The information of electronic sphygmomanometers including brand, model, manufacturer and production date were obtained by the trained staff. Ten electronic sphygmomanometers from each hospital, five electronic sphygmomanometers from each community health center, and one electronic sphygmomanometer from each family were surveyed, and the user's subjective judgment results and judgment basis on the accuracy of the electronic sphygmomanometer measurement were collected. We searched six registration websites (Medaval, Stride BP, dabl Educational Trust, British and Irish Hypertension Society, American Medical Association and Hypertension Canada) and two research databases (PubMed and CNKI) for the clinical validation status of each electronic sphygmomanometer. Results: A total of 200 electronic sphygmomanometers were investigated in this study, of which only 29.0% (58/200) passed independent clinical validation. When stratified by users, the percentage of being clinical validated was 46.0% (23/50) for electronic sphygmomanometers in hospitals, 42.0% (21/50) for those in community health centers and 14.0% (14/100) for those in home use, respectively, and the proportions between the three groups were significantly difference (P<0.001). Doctors in tertiary hospitals and community health service centers judged the accuracy of electronic sphygmomanometers mainly on the basis of "regular correction" (41.0% (41/100)) and "comparison with other electronic sphygmomanometers" (20.0% (20/100)), while among home users, 41.0% (41/100) were not clear about the accuracy of electronic sphygmomanometers, and 40.0% (40/100) made the judgment by "comparison with the devices in hospitals". Conclusion: The clinical validation of in-use electronic sphygmomanometers in China is low. Most of users, including healthcare professionals, are not aware of clinical validation of electronic sphygmomanometers.
Humans ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Sphygmomanometers ; Hypertension/diagnosis* ; China ; Electronics ; Blood Pressure

Mercury sphygmomanometer based on traditional auscultation method is widely used in primary medical institutions in China, but a large amount of blood pressure data can not be directly recorded and applied in scientific research analysis, meanwhile auscultation data is the clinical standard to verify the accuracy of non-invasive electronic sphygmomanometer. Focusing on this, we designed a miniature non-invasive blood pressure measurement and verification system, which can assist doctors to record blood pressure data automatically during the process of auscultation. Through the data playback function,the software of this system can evaluate and verify the blood pressure algorithm of oscillographic method, and then continuously modify the algorithm to improve the measurement accuracy. This study introduces the hardware selection and software design process in detail. The test results show that the system meets the requirements of relevant standards and has a good application prospect.
Auscultation ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Oscillometry ; Sphygmomanometers

Background: Cuffless devices have been studied and developed in the past and in recent years products that employ photoplethysmography became available in the market. However, the vast majority of available product’s accuracy have not yet been studied. Objective: The main objective of this study was to compare a wristwatch device GT 103 to an oscillometric blood pressure device Omron HEM 7120 using the standards set by Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) / The European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on Blood Pressure / International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Methods: This is a cross sectional study involving blood pressure measurements of 85 individuals using the test device (GT 103) and the reference device (Omron HEM 7120). Demographic characteristics such as age, arm circumference, diagnosis of hypertension, and treatment status were also reported. Sequential blood pressure measurements followed the prescribed steps of AAMI/ESH/ ISO. Paired measurements were statistically treated using the Paired T test. Mean differences of the paired measurements are reported in mean±SD, and proportions of blood pressure differences at ±5mmHg, ±10mmHg, and ±15mmHg are also reported. Results: The mean SBP difference of GT 103 and Omron 7120 was 1.5±20.5mmHg which is not significant (p=0.25) and mean DBP difference of 3±12.6 which is significant (p=0.00017). The result is in accordance with the criterion 1 of ANSI/AAMI/ISO 81060–2:2013 standard requirements (≤5±8 mmHg), but did not fulfil the criterion 2 which requires an SD of less than or equal to 6.47 for SBP and less than or equal to 6.90 mmHg for DBP. The proportion of paired blood pressure readings within ±5mmHg, ±10mmHg, and ±15mmHg were 19.61%, 36.08%, 45.1% for SBP and 30.98%, 56.07%, 69.8% for DBP. This shows that SBP and DBP measurements did not meet the requirement of AAMI/ESH/ISO. Conclusions and Recommendations This study showed that GT 103 did not fulfill the requirements for acceptable device accuracy. The use of the device for blood pressure measurement is still not recommended by the researcher. Future studies of other similar devices can be done to ensure accuracy of blood pressure measurement.
Hypertension ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Oscillometry

OBJECTIVE: Non-contact continuous blood pressure monitoring is significant in vital sign monitoring. Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar is suitable for non-contact wave signal extraction. A heartbeat-guided blood pressure monitoring algorithm using FMCW radar is proposed. METHODS: The target heart rate is detected and pulse wave signal is extracted based on FMCW reflected signals. The variational mode decomposition (VMD) is introduced to alleviate the interferences of human breath and slight body movements. The pulse wave signal is extracted based on target heart rate. Blood pressure related features of pure pulse waveform are extracted to obtain blood pressure based on its estimation model. RESULTS: Experiments are conducted indoor among 15 participants sitting in a nature state. The average accuracy of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is 94.3% and that of systolic blood pressure is 94.4%. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which makes it possible to further achieve long-term real-time non-contact blood pressure monitoring.
Algorithms ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Radar ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Vital Signs

Objective: To analyze the blood pressure measurement of Chinese adult residents in 2018 and provide a scientific basis for early detection and intervention of hypertension. Methods: In 2018, China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance were conducted in 298 counties (districts) of 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) across the country, using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method to survey permanent residents aged 18 years and above. We selected 184 509 people and carried out a face-to-face questionnaire survey and body measurement method to collect demographic data, major chronic diseases, and blood pressure measurement information of the survey subjects. Blood glucose and blood lipid-related indicators were obtained by laboratory testing. There were 170 551 adult residents included in the study after excluding abnormal and missing data for key variables. After complex weighting, blood pressure detection rates and detection times in people with different blood pressure levels and other diseases were analyzed. SAS 9.4 software was used to perform the χ²-test and trend test. Results: Among adult residents in China, the proportions of those with normal blood pressure, commonly recognized 'high' blood pressure, and newly detected hypertension who had their blood pressure tested within three months were 44.4%, 50.4%, and 52.6%, respectively. The proportions all appeared higher in women than in men (all P<0.05), in urban than in rural areas (all P<0.05), and showed an increasing trend with age (all P<0.001); The proportion of these three populations who had never had their blood pressure measured was 27.6%, 24.2%, and 23.5% respectively. The proportion of people with diagnosed hypertension who had their blood pressure tested within seven days was 44.0%, 51.4% in urban areas, higher than 37.7% in rural areas (P<0.001), and the proportion of people who had their blood pressure tested increased with education, per capita annual income and BMI (all P<0.001). Conclusions: The behavior of regular self-monitoring of blood pressure among adult residents in China still needs to be improved, especially among men and rural areas. Relevant health promotion and education should be strengthened. More targeted policies and measures should be developed to improve blood pressure measurement behavior in people with normal high blood pressure and other high-risk groups to control elevated blood pressure effectively.
Adult ; Asian People ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Male ; Rural Population

Hypertension is a major problem of public health that endangers the health of the oldest old. However, the current guidelines for hypertension management do not uniformly diagnose hypertension among the oldest old, nor recommend a normal blood pressure range, which is not convictive enough to support the decision making to the prevention of blood pressure-related adverse events. This guideline gives guiding opinions on optimal blood pressure range for the Chinese oldest old, which applies to the staff of medical and health institutions at all levels nationwide to evaluate the blood pressure levels of the oldest old. It includes the sections of general principles, methods and standards of blood pressure evaluation, measurement conditions, specifications of blood pressure measurement, implementation approaches, etc. The guideline has important directive significance for improving the blood pressure management and decision-making level of the Chinese oldest old.
Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; China ; Humans ; Hypertension/prevention & control*

Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; China ; Consensus ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in our country is increasing, and it has been a big problem affecting the social and economic development. It has been demonstrated that early intervention of cardiovascular risk factors can effectively reduce cardiovascular disease-caused mortality. Therefore, extensive implementation of cardiovascular testing and risk factor screening in the general population is the key to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, the categories of devices available for quick cardiovascular testing are limited, and in particular, many existing devices suffer from various technical problems, such as complex operation, unclear working principle, or large inter-individual variability in measurement accuracy, which lead to an overall low popularity and reliability of cardiovascular testing. In this study, we introduce the non-invasive measurement mechanisms and relevant technical progresses for several typical cardiovascular indices (e.g., peripheral/central arterial blood pressure, and arterial stiffness), with emphasis on describing the applications of biomechanical modeling and simulation in mechanism verification, analysis of influential factors, and technical improvement/innovation.
Arterial Pressure ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Factors

Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans