OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of Tripterygium wilfordii multiglycoside (TGW) in the treatment of psoriatic dermatitis from a cellular immunological perspective. METHODS: Mouse models of psoriatic dermatitis were established by imiquimod (IMQ). Twelve male BALB/c mice were assigned to IMQ or IMQ₊TGW groups according to a random number table. Histopathological changes in vivo were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ratios of immune cells and cytokines in mice, as well as PAM212 cell proliferation in vitro were assessed by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was determined using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: TGW significantly ameliorated the severity of IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mouse skin lesions and restrained the activation of CD45⁺ cells, neutrophils and T lymphocytes (all P<0.01). Moreover, TGW significantly attenuated keratinocytes (KCs) proliferation and downregulated the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor α, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Furthermore, it reduced the number of γ δ T17 cells in skin lesion of mice and draining lymph nodes (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS TGW improved psoriasis-like inflammation by inhibiting KCs proliferation, as well as the associated immune cells and cytokine expression. It inhibited IL-17 secretion from γ δ T cells, which improved the immune-inflammatory microenvironment of psoriasis.
Male ; Animals ; Mice ; Tripterygium ; Psoriasis/drug therapy* ; Keratinocytes ; Skin Diseases/metabolism* ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Imiquimod/metabolism* ; Dermatitis/pathology* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Skin/metabolism*

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)on autophagy in bEnd.3 cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD).Methods The bEnd.3 cells were divided into normal group(conventional culture),model group(OGD model),HSYA group(OGD model+75 μmol·L-1 HSYA),3-methyladenine(3MA)group(5 mmol·L-1 3MA+OGD model)and 3 MA+HSYA group(5 mmol·L-1 3 MA+OGD model+75 μmol·L-1 HSYA).The level of apoptosis was determined by TUNEL fluorescence staining;Western blot was used to detect the expression of autophagy,blood brain barrier(BBB)related proteins;real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for determining the expression of sirtuin-1(SIRT1)and forkhead box protein O3a(FOXO3A)mRNA.Results In the normal group,model group,HSYA group,3MA group and 3MA+HSYA group,the positive cells selected for TUNEL staining were 5.00±1.00,28.00±2.00,21.00±3.00,35.33±2.51 and 29.67±2.52;the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ/-Ⅰ(LC3-Ⅱ/-Ⅰ)were 0.90±0.20,1.34±0.10,1.95±0.14,0.76±0.15 and 1.14±0.09;sequestosome 1(P62)were 0.99±0.02,0.60±0.02,0.38±0.01,0.67±0.04 and 0.54±0.01;occludin were 1.39±0.17,0.62±0.15,1.00±0.09,0.40±0.13 and 0.80±0.15;zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)were 1.63±0.20,0.64±0.06,0.98±0.14,0.37±0.14 and 0.87±0.04;SIRT1 mRNA were 1.00±0.00,0.75±0.07,1.69±0.09,0.31±0.02 and 0.56±0.01;FOXO3A mRNA were 1.00±0.00,0.80±0.05,1.47±0.09,0.40±0.01 and 0.62±0.09,respectively.Significant differences were found between model group and normal group,HSYA group and model group,3MA+HSYA group and 3MA group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001).Conclusion HSYA may enhance autophagy levels in bEnd.3 cells after OGD through the SIRT1/FOXO3A pathway,inhibit cell apoptosis and alleviate BBB damage.

Objective To observe the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE)on depression like behavior in post stroke depression(PSD)model rats,and explore the mechanism of regulating Toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κ B(TLR4/NF-κB)pathway to inhibit neuroinflammation.Methods Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups,sham,cerebral ischemia,PSD,paroxetine,low-dose Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE-L)and high-dose Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE-H)groups,10 rats in each group.Except for the sham group,middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)was performed to prepare a left focal cerebral ischemia model.Except for the sham group and cerebral ischemia group,other groups were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)to establish PSD rat model for 8 weeks.After 4 weeks of CUMS,the paroxetine group,GBE-L,and GBE-H were treated with paroxetine 5 mg·kg-1,GBE 50 mg·kg-1,and GBE 100 mg·kg-1,respectively.The sham group,cerebral ischemia group,and PSD group were treated with the same volume of 0.9％NaCl and continuously administered by gavage for 28 d.After 4 weeks and 8 weeks of CUMS,the body weight and sugar preference test were measured.Levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1 β(IL-1 β)and levels of norepinephrine(NE),serotonin(5-HT),and dopamine(DA)in the cerebral cortex were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The mRNA levels of Tlr4,Nfkb1,and nuclear factor κ B-kinase subunit β inhibitory factor(Ikbkb)in the hippocampus of rats were detected by polymerase chain reaction.The protein levels of NF-κB,nuclear factor κB inhibitory protein α(IKBα)and phosphorylation nuclear factor κB inhibitory protein α(p-IKB)in hippocampal tissue were detected by Western blot.Results The body weights of rats in the sham group,cerebral ischemia group,PSD group,paroxetine group,GBE-L group and GBE-H group were(427.10±6.36),(403.10±7.37),(310.10±9.71),(355.00±4.03),(347.90±9.88)and(391.90±5.07)g;sugar preference rate were(93.93±1.78)％,(91.57±1.03)％,(54.72±7.34)％,(88.35±4.36)％,(63.55±12.73)％and(81.04±4.31)％;the levels of NE in the cerebral cortex were(1 951.14±52.86),(1 827.27±23.63),(1 662.12±35.92),(2 033.58±72.28),(1 887.31±33.07)and(2 175.00±42.54)pg·mL-1;the levels of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex were(237.07±8.86),(226.15±10.27),(214.51±3.46),(297.13±5.79),(274.14±7.63)and(285.34±8.72)ng·mL-1;the levels of DA in the cerebral cortex were(1 531.11±47.26),(1 209.89±58.09),(1 143.15±36.31),(1 812.67±51.28),(1 651.56±31.82)and(1 853.33±20.42)pg·mL-1.Compared with the PSD group,GBE significantly increased the body weight of rats(P＜0.01)and increased the preference rate of sugar water in rats,showing the antidepressant like behavioral.GBE significantly reduced the levels of serum TNF-α,IL-1 β(all P＜0.01),increased the levels of NE,5-HT,and DA in the cerebral cortex(all P＜0.01),down regulate the mRNA levels of Tlr4,Nfkb1 and Ikbkb(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),reduced the expression of NF-κB(P＜0.01),and reduced the phosphorylation of IKBα(P＜0.01).Conclusion Ginkgo biloba extract can improve depression-like behavior in PSD model rats,and has antidepressant effect.Its mechanism is related to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway,thus reducing neuroinflammation.

Objective:To investigate the current status of endoscopic treatment for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension in China, and to provide supporting data and reference for the development of endoscopic treatment.Methods:In this study, initiated by the Liver Health Consortium in China (CHESS), a questionnaire was designed and distributed online to investigate the basic condition of endoscopic treatment for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension in 2022 in China. Questions included annual number and indication of endoscopic procedures, adherence to guideline for preventing esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB), management and timing of emergent EGVB, management of gastric and isolated varices, and improvement of endoscopic treatment. Proportions of hospitals concerning therapeutic choices to all participant hospitals were calculated. Guideline adherence between secondary and tertiary hospitals were compared by using Chi-square test.Results:A total of 836 hospitals from 31 provinces (anotomous regions and municipalities) participated in the survey. According to the survey, the control of acute EGVB (49.3%, 412/836) and the prevention of recurrent bleeding (38.3%, 320/836) were major indications of endoscopic treatment. For primary [non-selective β-blocker (NSBB) or endoscopic therapies] and secondary prophylaxis (NSBB and endoscopic therapies) of EGVB, adherence to domestic guideline was 72.5% (606/836) and 39.2% (328/836), respectively. There were significant differences in the adherence between secondary and tertiary hospitals in primary prophylaxis of EGVB [71.0% (495/697) VS 79.9% (111/139), χ2=4.11, P=0.033] and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB [41.6% (290/697) VS 27.3% (38/139), χ2=9.31, P=0.002]. A total of 78.2% (654/836) hospitals preferred endoscopic therapies treating acute EGVB, and endoscopic therapy was more likely to be the first choice for treating acute EGVB in tertiary hospitals (82.6%, 576/697) than secondary hospitals [56.1% (78/139), χ2=46.33, P<0.001]. The optimal timing was usually within 12 hours (48.5%, 317/654) and 12-24 hours (36.9%, 241/654) after the bleeding. Regarding the management of gastroesophageal varices type 2 and isolated gastric varices type 1, most hospitals used cyanoacrylate injection in combination with sclerotherapy [48.2% (403/836) and 29.9% (250/836), respectively], but substantial proportions of hospitals preferred clip-assisted therapies [12.4% (104/836) and 26.4% (221/836), respectively]. Improving the skills of endoscopic doctors (84.2%, 704/836), and enhancing the precision of pre-procedure evaluation and quality of multidisciplinary team (78.9%, 660/836) were considered urgent needs in the development of endoscopic treatment. Conclusion:A variety of endoscopic treatments for gastroesophageal varices in portal hypertension are implemented nationwide. Participant hospitals are active to perform emergent endoscopy for acute EGVB, but are inadequate in following recommendations regarding primary and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB. Moreover, the selection of endoscopic procedures for gastric varices differs greatly among hospitals.

Objectives:To explore the antitumor effects of redox-responsive nanoparticles containing platinum(Ⅳ)—NP@Pt(Ⅳ) in ovarian cancer.Methods:Redox-responsive polymer carriers were synthesized. Polymer carriers and platinum(Ⅳ)—Pt(Ⅳ) can self-assemble into NP@Pt(Ⅳ). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was performed to detect the platinum release from NP@Pt(Ⅳ) in reducing environment and the platinum content in ovarian cancer cells ES2 treated with cisplatin, Pt(Ⅳ) and NP@Pt(Ⅳ). The proliferation ability of the ovarian cancer cells were detected by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cellular apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Collection of primary ovarian cancer tissues from patients with primary high-grade serous ovarian cancer who were surgically treated at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from October to December 2022. The high-grade serous ovarian cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice were intravenously injected with Cy7.5 labeled NP@Pt(Ⅳ) followed by in vivo imaging system. Mice were treated with PBS, cisplatin and NP@Pt(Ⅳ). Tumor volume and weight were measured in each group. Necrosis, apoptosis and cell proliferation of tumor tissues were detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, TUNEL fluorescence staining and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry staining. Body weight and HE staining of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of mice in each group were measured.Results:The platinum release of NP@Pt(Ⅳ) after 48 hours in reducing environment was 76.29%, which was significantly higher than that of 26.82% in non-reducing environment ( P<0.001). The platinum content in ES2 cells after 4 hours and 7 hours of treatment with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) (308.59, 553.15 ng/million cells) were significantly higher than those of Pt(Ⅳ) (100.21, 180.31 ng/million cells) and cisplatin (43.36, 50.36 ng/million cells, P＜0.05). The half inhibitory concentrations of NP@Pt(Ⅳ) in ovarian cancer cells ES2, A2780, A2780DDP were 1.39, 1.42 and 4.62 μmol/L, respectively, which were lower than those of Pt(IV) (2.89, 7.27, and 16.74 μmol/L) and cisplatin (5.21, 11.85, and 71.98 μmol/L). The apoptosis rate of ES2 cells treated with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) was (33.91±3.80)%, which was significantly higher than that of Pt(Ⅳ) [(16.28±2.41)%] and cisplatin [(15.01±1.17)%, P＜0.05]. In high-grade serous ovarian cancer PDX model, targeted accumulation of Cy7.5 labeled NP@Pt(Ⅳ) at tumor tissue could be observed. After the treatment, the tumor volume of mice in NP@Pt(IV) group was (130±98) mm 3, which was significantly lower than those in control group [(1 349±161) mm 3, P<0.001] and cisplatin group [(715±293) mm 3, P=0.026]. The tumor weight of mice in NP@Pt(IV) group was (0.17±0.09)g, which was significantly lower than those in control group [(1.55±0.11)g, P<0.001] and cisplatin group [(0.82±0.38)g, P=0.029]. The areas of tumor necrosis and apoptosis in mice treated with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) were higher than those in mice treated with cisplatin. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that there were low expressions of Ki-67 at tumor tissues of mice treated with NP@Pt(Ⅳ) compared with cisplatin. The change in body weight of mice in NP@Pt(Ⅳ) group was not significantly different from that of the control group [(18.56±2.04)g vs.(20.87±0.79)g, P=0.063]. Moreover, the major organs of the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were also normal by HE staining. Conclusion:Redox-responsive NP@Pt(Ⅳ), produced in this study can enhance the accumulation of cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells and improve the efficacy of ovarian cancer chemotherapy.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of apical microsurgery combined with guided bone regeneration(GBR)on refractory apical periodontitis and masticatory function.Methods A total of 82 patients with refractory apical periodontitis admitted to our hospital from June 2019 to September 2021 were selected as the study subjects,and they were divided into the control group and the com-bined group according to the random number table,with 41 cases in each group.The control group was treated with apical microsurgery,and the combined group was treated with apical microsurgery combined with GBR.The clinical efficacy,masticatory function and the levels of bone absorption markers[Wnt3a,osteoprotegerin(OPG),receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand(RANKL)]of patients in the two groups were compared.Results The total effective rate of the combined group(100%)was higher than that of the control group(85.37%),the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The masticatory efficiency and bite force of patients in both groups increased gradually 3,6 and 12 months after operation(P<0.05),which were higher in the combined group compared with the control group(P<0.05).The tooth mobility of patients in both groups decreased gradually 3,6 and 12 months after operation,and the tooth mobility of patients 3 and 6 months after operation in the combined group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of Wnt3a and OPG of patients 1 week after operation in both groups increased,which were higher in the combined group compared with the control group(P<0.05).The RANKL level of gingival crevicular fluid of patients 1 week after operation in both groups decreased,and which was lower in the combined group compared with the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The microapical surgery combined with GBR is effective for refractory apical periodontitis,which can effectively inhibit bone resorption,and improve masticatory function.

ObjectiveTo investigate the ameliorative effect and mechanism of total saponins of Codonopsis Radix （TSC） on learning and memory impairment induced by D-galactose in aging mice. MethodTwenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into four groups （n=6）： normal group， model group （200 mg·kg^-1 D-galactose）， TSC group （200 mg·kg^-1）， and donepezil group （3 mg·kg^-1）. After one week of pre-treatment， the mice in the model， TSC， and donepezil groups were administrated with corresponding agents for 8 weeks. In the ninth week， the Morris water maze test was performed to assess the learning and memory abilities. Histopathological changes in the brain were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and Nissl staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， and brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） in the brain tissue. The serum levels of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）， catalase （CAT）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， TNF-α， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and interleukin-18 （IL-18） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay， on the basis of which the effects of TSC on neuroinflammation and memory impairment in D-galactose-induced aging mice were assessed. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group exhibited decreased cognitive function， decreased activities of CAT， SOD， and GSH-Px in the serum （P<0.01）， and upregulated levels of MDA， TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-18 （P<0.01）. In addition， partial neuronal damage and degeneration were observed in the hippocampus and cortex of the model group， accompanied by downregulated BDNF expression （P<0.05） and upregulated NF-κB and TNF-α expression （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， TSC alleviated D-galactose-induced cognitive dysfunction， enhanced the activities of CAT， SOD， and GSH-Px （P<0.01）， lowered MDA， TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-18 levels （P<0.01）， and ameliorated the pathological changes in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Additionally， TSC upregulated BDNF expression （P<0.05， P<0.01） and downregulated NF-κB and TNF-α expression （P<0.05， P<0.01） in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. ConclusionTSC exerts a protective effect on cognitive dysfunction induced by D-galactose in aging mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

DNA genetic markers have always played important roles in individual identification, kinship analysis, ancestry inference and phenotype characterization in the field of forensic medicine. DNA methylation has unique advantages in biological age inference, body fluid identification and prediction of phenotypes. The majority of current studies independently examine DNA and DNA methylation markers using various workflows, and they use various analytical procedures to interpret the biological information these two markers present. Integrated methods detect DNA and DNA methylation markers simultaneously through a single experimental workflow using the same preparation of sample. Therefore, they can effectively reduce consumption of time and cost, streamline experimental procedures, and preserve valuable DNA samples taken from crime scenes. In this paper, the integrated detection approaches of DNA and DNA methylation markers on different detection platforms were reviewed. In order to convert methylation modifications to detectable forms, several options were available for pretreatment of genomic DNA, including digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, affinity enrichment of methylated fragments, conversion of methylated or unmethylated cytosine. Multiplexed primers can be designed for DNA markers and converted DNA methylation markers for co-amplification. The schemes of using capillary electrophoresis platform for integrated detection add the pretreatment of genomic DNA on the basis of detecting DNA genetic markers. DNA and DNA methylation markers are then integrated by co-amplification. But the limited number of fluorescent options available and the length of amplicons restrict the type and quantity of markers that can be integrated into a panel. Pyrophosphate sequencing also supports integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers. On this platform, due to the conversion of unmethylated cytosine to thymine after treatment with bisulfite, the methylation level of CpG site can be directly calculated using the peak height ratio of cytosine bases and thymine bases. Therefore, the methylation levels and SNP typing can be simultaneously obtained. However, due to the limited read length of sequencing, the detection of markers with longer amplicons is restricted. It is not conducive to fully interpret the complete information of the target sequence. Next-generation sequencing also supports integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers. A preliminary experimental process including DNA extraction, pretreatment of genomic DNA, co-preparation of DNA and DNA methylation library and co-sequencing, has been formed based on the next-generation sequencing platform. It confirmed the feasibility of next-generation sequencing technology for integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers. In field of biomedicine, various integrated detection schemes and corresponding data analysis approaches of DNA and DNA genetic markers developed based on the above detection process.Co-analysis can simultaneously obtain the genomic genetic and epigenetic information through a single analytic process. These schemes suggest that next-generation sequencing may be an effective method for achieving more accurate and highly integrated detection, helping to explore the potential for application in forensic biological samples. We finally explore the impact of interactions between sites and different pretreatment methods on the integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers, and also propose the challenge of applying third-generation sequencing for integrated detection in forensic samples.

ObjectiveTo observe the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome types in advanced pancreatic cancer patients， and explore the association between median survival time and different TCM syndromes and different intervention times of Chinese herbal medicine （CHM）. MethodsThe clinical data of 136 advanced pancreatic cancer patients who have received CHM for more than 3 months were collected retrospectively， including gender， age， family history， smoking history， drinking history， location of disease， lymph node metastasis， multiple distant metastasis， western medicine treatment methods， TCM diagnosis and treatment information， and survival time. The Kaplan-Meier （KM） estimator was used， and the median survival time of patients was calculated. The TCM syndrome type of each patient was judged， and the main single syndrome types and compound syndrome types were summarized. The median survival time was compared among different compound syndrome types. The patients were further divided into the group of those having received CHM ≥6 months and those having received CHM ＜6 months. Whether receiving CHM ≥6 months was taken as the grouping variable， while the matching variables were age， gender， family history， smoking history， drinking history， location of disease， lymph node metastasis， multiple distant metastasis， surgery， chemotherapy， and radiotherapy when propensity score matching was performed， and the difference in median survival time between the two groups of patients before and after matching was compared. ResultsFor 136 cases of advanced pancreatic cancer， the top five single syndromes were spleen qi deficiency， liver blood stasis， liver qi stagnation， spleen dampness， and liver heat. The main compound types were liver constraint， spleen deficiency and blood stasis syndrome， liver-gallbladder damp-heat and blood stasis syndrome， liver constraint， qi stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome， spleen-stomach yang deficiency and blood stasis syndrome， and spleen deficiency and dampness-heat internal accumulation syndrome. The overall median survival time before and after matching was 12.47 （7.70，17.10） months and 13.77 （8.83，17.20） months， respectively， and was significantly higher in the group treated with CHM ≥ 6 months than that treated with CHM ＜6 months （P＜0.05）. Among the 136 patients before matching， the median survival time of patients with spleen deficiency and dampness-heat internal accumulation syndrome was longest ［16.23 （14.17，19.40） months］， while that of patients with spleen-stomach yang deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was the shortest ［7.33 （5.80，12.83） months］. For patients with liver constraint， spleen deficiency and blood stasis syndrome， liver-gallbladder damp-heat and blood stasis syndrome， and spleen-stomach yang deficiency and blood stasis syndrome， those having received CHM ≥ 6 months have much longer median survival time than those having received CHM ＜6 months （P＜0.05）. Among the 108 patients after matching， the median survival time of those with spleen deficiency and dampness-heat internal accumulation syndrome was the longest ［15.23 （7.67，18.27） months］， while that of spleen-stomach yang deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was the shortest ［8.80 （6.90，16.17） months］. For patients with liver-gallbladder dampness-heat and blood stasis syndrome and spleen-stomach yang deficiency and blood stasis syndrome， the median survival time was higher in the group treated with CHM ≥ 6 months treated with CHM ＜6 months （P＜0.05）. ConclusionAfter treatment with CHM， advanced pancreatic cancer patients with spleen deficiency and damp-heat internal accumulation had a better prognosis， while those with spleen-stomach yang deficiency and blood stasis had a worse prognosis. Treatment with CHM ≥ 6 months could extend the median survival of advanced pancreatic cancer patients with liver-gallbladder damp-heat and blood stasis syndrome and spleen-stomach yang deficiency and blood stasis syndrome.

Drug use monitoring and evaluation play a key role in promoting drugs to return to clinical value,optimizing the basic medicine system,and improving the drug supply guarantee system.In order to promote the implementation of drug use monitoring and evaluation in medical institutions,the Pharmaceutical Affairs Committee of the Chinese Hospital Association led the efforts of organizing relevant domestic experts to follow the group standard development process.It successfully formulated the group standard of Drug Use Monitoring and Evaluation through the steps of problem sorting,framework construction,evidence collection,draft writing,opinion consultation,and standard formation.This article introduces the standard formulation process in detail,and explains and analyzes the content of the standard,aiming to help readers better understand the connotation of drug use monitoring and evaluation,and provide practical guidance.