Objective To investigate the medication and blood glucose control of type 2 diabetes patients under chronic diseases management in Xi'an chain pharmacies,and provides reference for improving the management policy of diabetes at grassroots level.Methods A number of chain pharmacies in the sixth district of Xi'an were selected by random sampling method,and on-site interviews were conducted by questionnaire survey to patients with type 2 diabetes under the management of chronic diseases.The basic information of patients,medication status(medication plan,drug adherence,etc.),diabetes-related conditions(blood glucose status,family history,course and complications,etc.)were collected.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relevant factors of blood glucose control in patients.Results A total of 403 patients were surveyed,the largest number of patients use oral hypoglycemic drugs alone(53.4％),followed by insulin medication(including insulin only and insulin in combination with oral hypoglycemic drugs)(35.7％),and the differences between disease course and glycemic control among patients with different drug regimens were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Only 43.7％of patients had good medication compliance.In addition,the patient's fast plasma glucose compliance rate was only 39.2％.The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that good medication compliance(OR=1.744,95％CI 1.104 to 2.754,P=0.017)were independent influencing factors for achieving glycemic control.Conclusion The medication compliance of type 2 diabetes patients with poor blood glucose control in chronic disease management of chain pharmacies in Xi'an needs to be strengthened.Pharmacies should emphasize and give full play to the professional and service advantages of pharmacists to realize the functional role of pharmacies and strengthen diabetes management.

Objective To investigate the current awareness of pharmaceutical service fees among pharmacists in hospitals of Shaanxi province to provide a theoretical basis and decision-making framework for establishing such fees in hospitals of various provinces and cities in the future.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 47 representative hospitals and 53 pharmacists within these hospitals in Shaanxi province.The results were analyzed using differential analysis.Results In most hospitals of Shaanxi province,pharmaceutical services are not provided or not charged for,indicating a lack of practical experience in the establishment of pharmaceutical service fees.Among hospitals that provide and charge for pharmaceutical services,there remains a need for uniformity in specific service content and fee standards,clear regulatory policy support,and a unified evaluation system.Significant differences exist among hospitals of different levels and types in terms of their capacity to provide pharmaceutical services and the forms in which they are offered.There is inconsistency among pharmacists within hospitals regarding crucial aspects of establishing pharmaceutical service fees,and further enhancement is needed in their awareness of relevant policies and the latest guidelines.Conclusions There is considerable room for improvement in establishing pharmaceutical service fees in hospitals of Shaanxi province.Stakeholders should promptly establish and standardize the fee establishment model,differentiate the fee standards for various services,enhance the publicity and dissemination of relevant document requirements to support the smooth implementation of pharmaceutical service fee policies.

With this retrospective study, we analyzed the negotiation subject, drug type, drug access mechanism, negotiation link and negotiation result of drug negotiation in typical regions at home and abroad.In foreign countries, drug negotiation mechanism has been implemented for many years, and many countries have established a relatively perfect negotiation system.We selected 8 typical countries and regions for which we statistically analyzed the negotiation subject, drug type, drug access mechanism, negotiation link and negotiation result of drug negotiation and these include the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea and Taiwan.However, in recent years some Chinese medical insurance department carried out pilot works on drug negotiations, and they got some successful results of the implementation of practical experience.Eight typical Chinese regions were also selected for statistical analysis, and these include Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Chengdu and Qingdao.From the analysis of the comparison of drug negotiation mechanism in domestic and foreign typical regional, we found that foreign regional drug negotiation mechanism is more mature and perfect, while in the domestic areas the mechanism is still poor at a certain extent as compared to foreign countries.We should learn from the successful experience of foreign countries and also establish and improve the negotiation mechanism that is suitable for China''s national conditions.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the situation of ADR reporting entities in Henan province and Hebei province to pro-vide reference for the improvement of ADR monitoring. METHODS:Literatures were consulted to investigate the ADR monitoring at home and abroad. With the subject of ADR reporting entities(pharmaceutical manufacturers,drug distributors and medical insti-tutions)in Henan and Hebei province,questionnaires and descriptive statistical analysis were conducted to analyze the results. RE-SULTS:186 valid questionnaires were received. There were respectively 58 and 62 ADR reporting entities with ADR monitoring de-partment in Henan and Hebei province,all of them had personnel who were responsible for ADR;ADR monitoring mostly belonged to quality control department in pharmaceutical manufacturers and drug distributors,and pharmacy department in medical institu-tions;most were equipped with computer,printer,phone and other basic office equipments;most were not clearly for major duty;there were respectively 24 and 2 entities with special budget for ADR monitoring;95.7% and 96.8% had communication with the local ADR monitoring centers,however,the information feedback was not ideal;86.7%and 98.9%had training for the stuff;stan-dard operation procedure was relatively good in Hebei province;96.7% and 98.9% would report ADR immediately after finding ADR,92.3% and 97.8% would record and backup the reported ADR;the form mainly by network report;the average degree of satisfaction evaluation in Henan province was higher than Hebei. CONCLUSIONS:According to the results,it is suggested to pro-mote the implementation of ADR monitoring by optimizing the work conditions,ensuring work fund and strengthening work feed-back.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the present situation of ADR reporting entities in Shaanxi and Sichuan province,and provide evidence for the improvement of ADR monitoring. METHODS:Getting the overview of ADR monitoring at home and abroad by reading a lot of literature,the ADR monitoring entities(drug manufacturers,drug distributors and medical institutions) in Shaanxi and Sichuan province were selected as subject for cluster sampling,questionnaires were sent out and descriptive statis-tics analysis was adopted to processing and analyze the results. RESULTS:Totally 198 questionnaires were received,100 for Shaanxi province and 98 for Sichuan province. In Shaanxi and Sichuan province,there are 61 and 63 investigated subjects had es-tablished ADR monitoring departments,98.0% and 100% had had personnel for the ADR work;ADR monitoring work mostly be-longed to the quality control department in drug manufacturers and drug distributors,and belonged to pharmacy department in medi-cal institutions;most of them were equipped with computer,printer and other basic office equipment;however,the major duty of most was not clearly;13 and 23 subjects had special budget for ADR monitoring;87 and 89 subjects had communication with lo-cal ADR monitoring center,however,the information feedback was not very ideal;training the workers accounted for 80.0% and 83.0%,respectively;in terms of system construction,the standard operation procedure was relatively good,and the other related was not ideal;reporting quickly when finding ADR was 89.0% and 96.9%,88.0% and 96.9% of which had backup records for ADR reporting,it was mainly network report;Shaanxi province was better than Sichuan province about the satisfaction evaluation of ADR work. CONCLUSIONS:According to the results,it is suggested to adjust the structure of workers,buy related software re-source,improve the responsibilities and strengthen the financial support to promote the implementation of ADR monitoring.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the present situation of adverse drug reaction(ADR)reporting entities in Jiangsu prov-ince and Guangdong province,and provide reference for the improvement of ADR monitoring. METHODS:With the overview of ADR monitoring at home and abroad by reading literatures,the ADR reporting entities(drug manufacturers,drug distributors and medical institutions) in Jiangsu province and Guangdong province were selected as objects for cluster sampling by questionnaires, and descriptive statistical analysis and other methods were adopted to process and analyze the results. RESULTS:There were totally 205 effective questionnaires. In Jiangsu province and Guangdong province,67 and 60 of the surveyed ADR reporting entities had specialized ADR monitoring departments,98.1% and 99.0% had equipped with specialized personnel for ADR work;ADR moni-toring mostly belonged to quality management department in drug manufacturers and distributors,and pharmacy department in medi-cal institutions;most entities were equipped with computers,printers,copiers and other basic office equipments;but most entities’ responsibilities were not clear enough;27 and 15 entities had specialized budget for ADR monitoring;97.2% and 96.9% had com-munication with ADR ,monitoring center,but the feedback information was unsatisfactory;85.0% and 86.7% had related training for personnel;establishing standard operating procedures of the system construction was relatively good,the other related system construction was still not ideal;91.6% and 90.8% would report ADR immediately after discovery,92.5% and 97.9% would back-up recording the ADR,mainly by internet reporting;the average scores in terms of job satisfaction in Jiangsu province were higher than Guangdong province. CONCLUSIONS:According to the results,it is suggested to improve the system construction of ADR monitoring,optimize working conditions,ensure financial support of ADR monitoring,and strengthen work communication and system construction and other measures to promote conduct of ADR monitoring.

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the way to develop pharmaceutical business in China， so as to promote the sound development of the pharmaceutical enterprises METHODS： The current situation of pharmaceutical business in China was analyzed RESULTS ＆ CONCLUSION： The paper put forward and discussed the development tendency of pharmaceutical business in China

OBJECTIVE:To find an efficient avenue to the solution of problems existed in GSP authentication so as to provide references for the concerned governmental departments in the process of working out further laws and regulations and policies.METHODS:Practical problems existed in the GSP authentication of drug supply enterprises in Shannxi province were analyzed by the on the spot research method.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Only through multi-sectional cooperation,further improving personnel quality of different kinds of people,clarifying each one's duty and regulating different management sys-tem,can GSP be put into practice successfully.

OBJECTIVE:To study of the development trend of drug retail enterprises in China.METHODS:A comparison of GSP among China,Japan,America and Great Britain was made.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The drug retailing in China should develop toward a mode of monolithic chain store.Large-scale drug distribution center should be established to meet the demands of drug supply&delivery.The professional service level should be improved to satisfy consumers'needs for rational use of drugs.Attention should be paid on the management of health products and those products that with their own brands so as to adapt the needs of industry development.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward the developing direction of drug managing enterprises in order to provide the reference for the governmental polices.METHODS:A field investigation was carried out in Shannxi province to analyze the problems existing in the drug managing enterprises after GSP authentication.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Multielement,linkage,large scale,standardization,consideration,and information all constitute important factors in the development of drug managing enterprises.