Introduction: The development of Mongolian traditional medicine (MTM) has historical roots in Indian Ayurvedic and Tibetan medical systems. The Four Medical Tantras significantly influenced MTM’s education, theory, and practice. Disease classifications within the Four Medical Tantras have long been foundational for diagnosis, treatment, and teaching.
Mongolian scholar Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan expanded the Four Medical Tantras’ classification system in his seminal work, A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan. This study compares disease classifications from this work with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) specific to Traditional Medicine (TM). Goal: To analyze and compare the disease classifications in A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan with ICD-10 TM classifications, providing detailed insights. Methods: The study utilized the following materials:
• Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation from the Decrees of Khamba Nomun Khan.
• ICD-10 classifications of diseases. Research methods included source study, comparative analysis, and systematic categorization. Results: Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan authored four volumes comprising 79 sections and 220 chapters, detailing 404 diseases classified by “place,” “cause,” “nature,” and “root.” While aligned with the Four Medical Tantras, his classifications offer deeper specificity, such as diseases caused by combinations of the five vital energies (wind, bile, phlegm, etc.).
This study focused on 101 diseases classified by “place” and 101 by “cause” for comparison. The ICD-10 TM classification system organizes diseases into 15 segments based on diagnostic criteria and etiology. A comparative analysis of the 202 diseases from Lama Gegeen’s text revealed alignment and divergence in categorization principles. Conclusion Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan’s “A Comprehensive Explanation of Disease Differentiation” (1639–1704), written in Tibetan, provides an extensive classification of 404 diseases. While the ICD-10 TM system organizes diseases into 15 categories with etiology-based diagnostics, it lacks the detailed elaboration found in Lama Gegeen’s work. Integrating these classification systems could enhance diagnostics, treatment strategies, and research in traditional medicine.

Introduction: Researchers Herbert Schwabl and Cecile Vennos highlight Tibetan medicine’s significance, noting that Gabur-25 was registered in Switzerland as Padma-28 in 1977. This formula is used internationally for improving blood circulation and treating heart pain, limb numbness, skin discoloration, ulcers, chronic inflammation, tinnitus, and dizziness. The primary ingredient in Padma-28 is Gabur-25.
The framework “Mkhan Chen Chos Kyi Rgyal Po’i Gsung ‘Bum Las Nyer Lnga’i Sde Tshan,” written by Mongolian healer Lama Gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan (1639–1704), compiles 30 medicinal formulas, each containing 25 ingredients, including Gabur-25. This study examines its composition, quality, and efficacy. Results: A comparative analysis of Gabur-25 from Luvsandanzanjantsan’s work with compositions from “The Four Tantras of Medicine,” “Abstract of Nandin Erdene Extract,” and “The Four Mineral Waters” revealed 17 shared ingredients and 8 variations. These differences suggest adaptations for treating excessive heat-related conditions, gout, and cerebral palsy disorders. Conclusion Gabur-25 in Luvsandanzanjantsan’s work differs from other sources by seven medicinal ingredients. It is particularly effective for dispersing excess heat, treating gout-related disorders, and aiding paralysis-influenced conditions. This distinction highlights Gabur-25 as a modified formulation tailored to regional ailments based on the author’s experience. The study underscores the evolving nature of traditional Tibetan medicine and its adaptation to specific health conditions.

Background: As the trend of pharmaceutical care around the world shifts to client-centered care, there is a need for new pharmacists to improve their knowledge and skills, learn psychological skills, provide customers with health education, and improve the rational use of drugs and pharmacological services. Objective: This study is based on the fact that no research has been conducted in Mongolia on factors that affect burnout syndrome and social-psychology of pharmacists. Literature review: The following are internationally accepted methods of assessing sociopsychological risks to determine the socio-psychological factors associated with the work and occupation of workers and their impact on health and safety. These include:
Burnout Measue-BM, 1981 (Pines & Aronson 1988). A method of measuring burnout, physical and emotional fatigue, and mental exhaustion. (Bazarragchaa, 2020)
The Copenhagen Psychosociol Questionnaire COPSOQ (Christenson et al. 2005) focuses on socio-psychological factors, stress, personal health, well-being and individual factors (style, sense of mutual understanding, etc.).
The Copenhagen Burnout Inverntory (CBI, 2005) examines fatigue, exhaustion, and work-related burnout as well as customer-related burnout. Conclusion There are more than 40 definitions of “Burnout syndrome”. The “Maslach Burnout Inventory” has become the “Gold standard” for assessing the burnout of service workers. The Copenhagen Burnout Inverntory (CBI, 2005) studies fatigue, exhaustion, and individual, work-related and customer-related burnout.

Introduction: Pharmacist and customer satisfaction is unique to other industries because it has a significant impact on patient outcomes and the quality of primary health care. In the framework of health sector reforms, improving the ethics and attitudes of medical professionals, the quality of care, internal environment and safety has become a priority issue for the development of the organization.
According to statistical data, in 2020, there are 2343 second-class pharmacies in Mongolia, 1254 in Ulaanbaatar, and 1249 pharmacies in Ulaanbaatar in 2021. As of 2020, there are 2639 pharmacists and 2009 drug directors working in the country, and in 2021, there are 2913 pharmacists and 2010 drug directors. Compared to the previous year, the number of pharmacists has increased by 0.8%, and the number of drug directors has increased by 13% has indicators. According to the above statistics, it is appropriate to study the satisfaction of specialists and clients in line with the increasing number of pharmacies and specialists.
As of the 1st quarter of 2023, pharmaceutical experts who play an important role in the quality and availability of pharmacy services and social economic development in the world (Pakistan, America, Canada. Great Britain, Spain, South Africa, etc.) Because it is important to study the satisfaction of pharmacists and the satisfaction of pharmacy users, we are conducting regular satisfaction surveys. Purpose and objectives: The purpose of the research is to evaluate the satisfaction of customers and pharmacists in the pharmacy of Ulaanbaatar. For this purpose, the following objectives were proposed. It includes:
1. Survey of pharmaceutical experts and pharmacy users determine the sample size
2. To evaluate the satisfaction of pharmacy users through a questionnaire
3. To evaluate the satisfaction of pharmacists by questionnaire
4. Compare the level of satisfaction by age group and perform statistical processing Materials and methods: A survey of pharmacy customers and pharmacist satisfaction was conducted using a Cross-sectional studies model. The Survey system calculator was used to calculate the sample size based on the representativeness of the sample to be studied. The survey was conducted between the 4th quarter of 2022 and the 2nd quarter of 2023. and the satisfaction of customers and pharmacists was obtained by random sampling by the UB City Hospitals and Health Deparments, and data was collected using 2 types of questionnaires to be evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale using the SERVQUAL model. The results were processed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 23.0 software. The reliability of the survey questionnaire was calculated using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Results: A total of 758 people participated in our study, and satisfaction was determined by including n=369 pharmacists and n=389 customers, respectively. A breakdown of the results:
369 pharmacists participated in the survey, and according to the total number of questions, 48.0% n=177 are satisfied, 37.7% n=139 are very satisfied. Considering the satisfied age group of pharmaceutical specialists, n=101 specialists in the age group of 26-35 years are the most satisfied.
52.85% n=195 satisfied. 25.20% n=93 Very satisfied, 20.87% n=77 Moderately satisfied, 0.54% n=2 Not at all satisfied, 0.54% n=2 He replied that he did not know. According to the results of the survey, pharmaceutical professionals are highly satisfied.
On the other hand, 389 customers participated in the satisfaction survey of pharmacy users, and according to the total results of the group questions, 67.4% n=262 customers were moderately satisfied with the organization's care and service culture and intimate environment outside the organization is satisfied. Looking at the satisfaction of pharmacy customers by age group, n=121 customers under 25 years of age have moderate satisfaction is satisfied.
49.61% n=193 not satisfied at all, 35.22% n=137 Moderately satisfied with the pharmacy services from the surveyed customers, degree, 9.55% n=37 Very satisfied, 5.66% n=22 answered that they do not know. Therefore, it shows the need to consider the quality of care. Conclusion 369 experts were included in the survey to evaluate the satisfaction of customers and pharmacists with the pharmacy, and 2 groups of evaluations were used in the survey. The reliability of the 22 questionnaires, calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, is good between 0.9 a≥0.846. The majority of pharmaceutical professionals (n=316) surveyed are satisfied with their profession and workplace.
However, the reliability of the questionnaire used in the research to evaluate the satisfaction of customers in the pharmacy, when calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, is acceptable between 0,8 a≥0.777. The n=262 customers surveyed are moderately satisfied with pharmacy services.
Depending on the age group of the people involved in the research, the location where they work and serve, the relationship attitude, understanding, and workload satisfaction level are different.

Background: During the historical development of traditional medicine, many books and manuscripts have been written in Mongolian medicine. The main textbook of traditional medicine states that: “The size of a bone consists of 23 bone species, 28 spinal joints, 24 ribs, 32 teeth, and 360 pieces of bone.”
However, modern medicine estimates that the human body has 206 bones. Therefore, this topic was chosen to study the source material of traditional medicine, including the structure of the human body, and the number of bones in the modern medical anatomy textbook. Purpose: Details of the number of bones in the human body in the “Four Medical Tantras” (རྒྱུད་བཞི) of traditional medicine and its commentary, as well as compare with the number of bones in the basic textbook of anatomy of modern medicine. Objectives: In order to successfully implement the research objectives, the following objectives will be implemented. These include:
1. Sampling and analyzing number of bones from traditional medicine;
2. Sampling and analyzing bone numbers from modern medical textbooks;
3. Compare the names and numbers of bones in traditional medicine and modern medicine Results: The number, classification and features of human bones were analyzed from the main scriptures of traditional medicine such as “Explanatory Tantra”, of the “Four Medical Tantras” and the “Legs bshad gser gyi thur ma” by Blo-bzang-chos-grags. In addition, the number of bones in the human body was sampled from modern medical textbooks and prepared for comparison. The number and characteristics of bones in the human body were compared by traditional medicine and modern medicine and made a conclusion.
This study reveals that the foundations for the integrated development of traditional medicine were laid long ago in Mongolian medicine. In addition, to highlight the book “Four Medical Tantras”, which is the basis of the textbook on the structure of the human body and the research work of scientists and scholars, which is considered in Mongolian mamba datsan’s contribution to the science of human anatomy. The importance of this research is to change the extremes of Western medicine and traditional medicine and increase opportunities to use its introduction and development into training and clinical practice. Conclusion
1. The main creature of body structure in traditional medicine is the “Four Medical Tantras” which generally assumes that the numbers of bones are 360 but does not specify it in detail. During the research, we identified 357 bone names to identify each bone. The names and locations of the three bones were not clearly marked in the medical sources.
2. The numbers of bones are 206 in modern medical textbooks. We recalculated 151 bones based on traditional medical sources without duplication of that.
3. Compared to traditional medicine and modern medicine, the number of bones and are higher than 154 bone names in traditional medicine because we included the number of teeth, small bones in the ears and small bones in the fingers and toes. Some cartilage was also counted as bones.

Introduction: Children with disabilities are at greater risk of childhood developmental delays, yet often excluded from the public child development services and programs⁴. The Convention on the Rights of the Child⁵ (UNCRC) and The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities⁶ (CRPD) points out that children with disabilities have the same rights as every child, such as access to health care, nutrition, education, equal participation in society, and protection from violence and neglect⁷. Objective: To study the types and prevalence of predominant disabilities of Mongolian in young children Materials and methods: Predominant types, prevalence and proportion of children with disabilities aged 0-14 years are as of 2019 generated from Report of the National Center for Rehabilitation and Development for period 2017-2020, Report of the National Statistical Office of the disabled for period 2019-2020 and Report for Issues of people with disability: Policies and activities Information directory Center, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, for period 2017-2020. Result and conclusionchildren; disabilities; prevalence As of 2019, there are 8981 (8.4%) children with disabilities aged 0-14 in Mongolia, of which 7075 (78.8%) have congenital disabilities and 1906 (21.2%) have acquired disabilities. By age group, the prevalence of congenital disabilities is 78.2% higher among children aged 0-14. Of these, 1,790 children have lost their ability to function on a daily activity due to a congenital disease, 1474 children with congenital physical disabilities, 1368 children with mental and intellectual disabilities, 749 children with co-morbidities, 741 children with visual impairments, 573 children with speech disabilities and 380 children with hearing impairments.

Background: The career and work of medical workers are considered to be the occupation of the highly responsible job of the worldwide. Goal: To identify the percentage of the work-related stress, the burnout, and the symptoms of work-related stress of the physicians and nurses who is working at the critical and intensive care units of UB hospitals. Materials and methodology: The survey was done by quantitative methods and cross sectional design. The study data was collected using the validated questionnaire for the work related stress. The results of the study were analyzed by the Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20 program. Results The response rate was 97.3% The study found that 78.7% of respondents reported having regular stress; and 89.4% of all participants in the survey had a personal burnout, 90.4% had work-related burnout and 94.5% had a high level of client-related burnout.
Physical symptoms include the insomnia 76.7%; psychological symptoms - the headaches 65%; behavioral symptoms as like forgetfulness and annoyance 53.3%; cognitive symptoms as like an increase in sick days or absenteeism by 40% for all physicians and nurses.

Background: Some findings of an artifacts have revealed that nature based the raw have been used for the treatment of mankind's diseases over 60 000 years ago. WHO estimates that about 80 percentage of the world's population are consume the traditional medical care, and uses more than 21,000 plant species for therapeutic purposes. In order to help guide its member countries the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed The WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023. Some of the strategic actions in this document include:
• To develop and share appropriate research methodologies and criteria for evaluating the safety, efficacy, and quality of TM (Traditional Medicine) products;
• To study and explain the disease prevention, health maintenance, the diagnosis and the treatment of the TM disease according to the evidence based scientific studies. Objectives: to determine the most frequently used medicinal plants for the treatment of "Rlung" in the TM. Methods: The comparison method, the synthesis and analysis method, the induction and deduction method, the listing and sorting method, the inspecting and arrange method, and the methods of documents' drafting were used in this study. Results: It is shown that over 80 raw materials of plant, mineral and animal origins has to list within 32 drug recipes which used "Rlung" disease of TM. The first five raw materials from these 80 ingredients have been repeatedly lists zadi - 30, agar (black, white, red agar) -19, arur-19, lish -18, and nin shosh -18 times. Conclusion The most frequently used the raw materialin the treatment of "Rlung" diseases is the seeds of Myristica fragrans Houtt. which contains a lot of the saturated acids with membrane-enhancing effects and strong antioxidant substances.

Essential oils have evoked interest as sources of natural products, which their potential uses an alternative remedies for the treatment of many infectious disease and to restore healing mouth sores or kill oral bacteria. Gum disease is one of the major factor for systemic disease, which to recommend the latest study of world medical scientist. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and wound healing effect of the GINGITA® natural essential oils mouth wash in rats. Treatment was by topical application of the GINGITA® natural essential oils mouth wash onto wound surface for 21 days. Wistar rats divided into 2 groups of 15 animals each and anesthesia was administered. The dorsal area of skin of the each rats was shaved and clipped fully-thickness 10x10mm skin wound was made. The test group was treated with GINGITA® natural essential oils mouth wash, which control group untreated. A better healing pattern was observed in rats treated with GINGITA® natural essential oils mouth wash compared with the control group. There was a significant reduction in wound length and closure rats was faster treated by GINGITA® natural essential oils mouth wash compared with control group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that an increase of epithelial cells in wound lesions treated with GINGITA® natural essential oils mouth wash wish as compared untreated control group. Conclusions: The present study revealed that GINGITA® natural essential oils mouth wash may be effective in stimulating the enclosure of wounds in sort period time.

Background. In Mongolia, 320-350 people died per year due to traffic accidents. About 193 people were died in road of rural area. According to statistic, focusing on the accidents’ reason, about 94.9 percent of accidents are caused by faulty operation of driver and 0.4 percent is caused by road condition. Goal. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of road condition on the route Ulaanbaatar- Baganuur, where traffic accident have frequently occurred and through that find solutions to relieve the traffic accidents.Materials and Methods. Traffic safety was evaluated with coefficient of traffic safety that defined as divide the safe speed of vehicle on the road with invisible area such as crest and sag vertical curve and horzintal curve to the speed of vehicles from opposide direction. The average speed of vehicle on hill by having invisible of road curve inside, the end of road ascent and the road section that broke road asphalt surface were determined by stability and steering dynamic calculation.Result. According to the study, on the route Ulaanbaatar-Baganuur, within last three years, about 37 accidents were occurred. Accidents and conditions on the 14 stretches where accidents have frequently occurred were studied and analyzed by repetition, location and road condition and similarity of neighbor points, so on the 14 stretches, the accidents were occurred frequently. From those accidents, 24 people died and 87 people were injured. Classifying the accidents with 14 stretches, about 14 percent of accidents were occurred on the end of road ascent; 28 percent on straight section; 35 percent on curve; 16 percent on broken surface section of road; 7 percent on the place that road asphalt surface was missed partially. Decreasing the average speed of vehicle to 54.6 km/h on hill by having invisible of road curve inside, 64.2 km/h on the end of road ascent and 51.5 km/h on the road section that broke road asphalt surface were required.Conclusion. The coefficients of traffic safety are had between 0.30-0.81 on the sections that required limiting the traffic speed. In other words, the technical environment of traffic accidents consists on some points of this road.