Background: Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents the most devastating subtype of stroke, charac terized by spontaneous bleeding into the brain parenchyma. This neurological emergency carries a burden of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Timely identification causal pathways is priority objective for adequate primary and secondary prevention of ICH. Risk factors may differ between ICH subtypes, and stratified approaches to management may be appropriate. Aim: This study is to identify cause and risk factors of ICH. Materials and Methods: A single centre descriptive study was carried out in Stroke Center of the State Third Central Hospital, Mongolia, including 718 consecutive acute patients with ICH during October 2022 to September 2024. Patients were classified using SMASH-U, an etiological based classification system. Results: Out of a total of 718 cases diagnosed with ICH, hypertension caused 75.3%, amyloid angiopathy 12%, undetermined 7%, structural lesions 2.92%, systemic disease 2.37%, medication 0.48% in 718 ICH patients. The mean age of the cases was 57.5 жил, and was the most common in men of the 50-59 age group (p<0.001). The main risk factor in hypertension and amyloid angiopathy groups was arterial hypertension (93.7%), in undetermined group alcohol consumption (48%), in structural group AVM and other vascular causes (23.8%), in systemic group chronic kidney insufficiency (29.4%), in medication group atrial fibrillation (100%), respectively. Conclusion 1. ICH was mostly caused by hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, systemic disease. 2. Arterial hypertension, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, oral anticoagulants, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity/BMI≥25, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney insufficiency, AVM and other structural anomalies were the most common risk factors.

Background: A rare angioproliferative condition of the larynx, Kaposhi sarcoma typically affects the skin. Immunosuppressive treatment following organ transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus infection are the causes. Every type of Kaposi sarcoma has human herpesvirus-8. Laryngeal kaposi sarcoma is uncommon in immunocompromised patients; since its initial identification in 1965, 18 cases have been documented globally. A CO2 laser-assisted laryngeal microsurgery is performed through the mouth cavity to remove tumor when kaposi sarcoma of the larynx obstructs the airway. Case report: A 77-year-old woman complained of hoarseness, dry mouth, odynophagia, and dysphagia three months prior when she arrived at the Mongolian-Japan Hospital. Two years ago, she acquired hard, sensitive lumps that were palpable on her right arm, left ankle, and right thigh. At that time, she was diagnosed with Kaposiform hemangiodermatitis and treated at the National Center for Dermatology. HIV test results were negative. Immunohistochemistry: CD31 +/-, CD34 /+/. Using flexible nasopharyngeal endoscopy to get the diagnosis: There was a mass that was about 1.5–2–5 cm in diameter, bluish in color, smooth and movable, and spongy and vascular on the larynx, on the nasopharynx, behind the palatine tonsills, and supraglottic. Surgery: Through the use of Kleinsasser laryngoscopy and a 0-degree endoscope, pathological tissues were extracted under general anesthesia using a laryngeal microsurgical instrument and a laparoscopic bipolar coagulator. The tissues were then sent for histological evaluation, which revealed Kaposi sarcoma, sarcoma grade 1. Results of treatment Pain decreased and quality of life increased following surgery. Upon nasopharyngeal endoscopy, the vocal cord mobility was normal and the surgical incision was clean. Conclusion: Kaposi sarcoma is an extremely uncommon illness. A lower quality of life and further issues can be avoided with an early diagnosis and suitable therapy. It also needs to be continuously monitored because it is a potentially repeatable disease.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) composes up to 28% of the esophageal disorders, and diagnosis of GERD is associated with a 10-15% of risk of Barrett’s esophagus, change of normal squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus to a columnar-lined intestinal metaplasia. It is reported that gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are the second out of five leading diseases in ambulatory diagnosed diseases and in 2022, esophageal adenocarcinoma is ranked in the fourth of the 10 most prevalent cancers among Mongolian population. When the Barrett’s esophagus changes shift to dysplasia, risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma development rises 30-125 folds and every year, 0.8% of population with dysplastic changes suffer from esophageal carcinoma. Although specific staining methods for histochemical analysis has been introduced into pathological laboratories detecting protein, fat, nucleic acid and enzymes that contained in cells, there isn’t study has been conducted to investigate the diagnostic specificity of Alcian blue and PAS staining method among population with Barrett’s esophagus. Aim: We aimed to make a differential diagnosis with basic and histochemical staining method in esophageal biopsies from Second Central Hospital of Mongolia (SCHM) and Mongolia-Japan hospital of MNUMS. Results: A total of 589 biopsies were collected from the SCHM and Mongolia-Japan Hospital of MNUMS and hematoxylin and eosin-stained results were Barret’s esophagus (43 biopsies or 7.3%), followed by Squamous cell carcinoma (46 or 7.8%), GERD (60 or 10.2%), hyperplastic polyp (92 or 15.6%), chronic erosive lesions (242 or 41%), polyp (94 or 15.9%), adenocarcinoma (12 or 2%), respectively. We have re-examined 43 cases with Barrett’s esophagus staining with Alcian blue and PAS and as a result, acidic mucin will be blue, neutral mucin will be purple, mixed mucin will be blue-purple and nucleus will be stained blue, respectively. Immunohistochemical re-staining of 43 biopsies with BE, Alcian blue were 87.8% and PAS were 97.4%. Conclusion Barrett›s esophagus, esophageal papilloma and hyperplastic polyps are comprising most of the esophageal precancerous disorders, and 9.8% of esophageal carcinoma was diagnosed. Histochemical re-staining of esophageal intestinal metaplastic changes is significantly beneficial to confirmation of the diagnosis.

: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq) P. Kumm) is the second cultivated and most popular edible mushroom after Agaricus bisporus in the world. The fruiting bodies of these mushrooms have high nutritional value and are beneficial for health. Pleurotus ostreatus are an interesting source of bioactive glucans and other polysaccharides. This study focuses on the isolation and structural characterization of glucans from the fruiting bodies and stems cultivated mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus. Methods: Physicochemical properties of fruiting bodies and stems cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus in Mongolia, were studied using standard methods. Glucans were extracted and purified using the precipitation method and Sevag reagent, and functional groups were determined by FT-IR. Conclusion The characteristic absorption bands of the water and alkali-soluble fractions were found near 1070, 1044, 869 and 777-769 cm-1. These IR bands are characteristic of fungal (1→3)(1→6)-β-D- glucans, and indicating these fractions are glucan-type polysaccharides

: Background: According to the statistics, Gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) are the second of the leading five diseases among Mongolians, with an estimated 20% of GIDs by pathological diagnosis in 2022. Additionally, esophageal adenocarcinoma is ranked in the 4^th of the 10 most common cancer. Esophageal adenocarcinoma and its predispositions, and pathological changes are mostly located lower part of esophagus. Barret’s esophagus (BE) is consequences of goblet cell replaces the stratified squamous epithelium due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease. If BE transfers to the dysplasia, its probability of carcinogenesis is 30-125 times higher, and 0.8% of dysplastic patients with BE diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Pathologists play a critical role in confirming the diagnosis of BE and BE-associated dysplasia. Goblet cells are almost always identifiable on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections with Alcian blue (at pH 2.5). Purpose: To diagnose the esophageal biopsies via pathological immunohistochemical assay. Methods and materials: We investigated 130 biopsies in 2017-2019 years from NFCH, and 254 biopsies in SSCH. Result A total of 384 biopsies were collected from both national central hospitals and hematoxylin and eosin-stained results were Barret’s esophagus (50 biopsy or 13%), followed by dysplasia (66 or 17%), GERD (55 or 14%), squamous cell carcinoma (49 or 13%), chronic erosive lesions (41 or 11%), chronic esophagitis (40 or 10%), polyp (19 or 5%), adenocarcinoma (15 or 4%), acute esophageal erosion (5 or 1%), hyperplastic polyp (36 or 9%), and were others (8 or 2%), respectively.
As a result of immunohistochemical re staining of 50 biopsies with BE, Alcian blue were 87,8% and PAS were 97,4%.

Background: Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children around the world. Annually, it’s estimated about total of 120 million cases of pneumonia occur in children under the age of five around the world and about 2 million of them end in mortality. In 2017, respiratory diseases constituted 31.3% of all diseases in children under the age of five in Ulaanbaatar city. 268 cases of respiratory diseases occur in every 1000 children, making it the leading disease in children of that age group. Sonographic examination has several advantages including lack of radiation, accessibility, portable (can easily bring it next to the patient’s bed), cost effective, and can be used repeatedly on the patients. To our knowledge, currently in Mongolia, there are no published research materials on sonographic examination in children with pneumonia. Given, the lack of study, increased rate of pneumonia and advantages of ultrasonographic, the present study was performed to detect lung ultrasound sign of pneumonia and determine the specificity and sensitivity of lung ultrasound and X-ray. Methods: The study used cross-sectional studies of analytical study. 379 inpatient children aged between 1 month to 14 years old who are in the children’s hospital of Bayangol district between 1st of September 2019 to 1st of December 2019 participated in the study. Procedures included collection of questionnaires from the parents or the guardians, random collection of data from the patients’ history, and assessment of results from ultrasound and X-ray examination. The study used Stata software to analyze the statistics. Results: 56% or 210 cases showed decreased echogenicity in the ultrasound examination. Incorporated B line sign (р=0.001),, decreased echogenicity in the consolidation (р=0.001), and presence air positive bronchus (р=0.001), are shown to the major sign of pneumonia in ultrasound examination. Conclusions In pneumonia, following signs are present in lung ultrasound: Unilateral B-lines, consolidation, hypoechoic, irregular shaped consolidation, positive air bronchogramm sign in lung. From the results of our research, we discovered diagnosis sensitivity of pneumonia in ultrasound is 85%, specificity of pneumonia in ultrasound is 87%, sensitivity of pneumonia in Х ray is 78%, specificity of pneumonia in Х ray is 84%.

Children under 5 years of age in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. Malnutrition affects 50% of hospitalized children and 25–70% of the critically ill children. Malnutrition interferes with the appropriate response of the body to disease and predisposes to infection and to the onset of multiorgan failure, increasing morbidity and mortality, the mean length of hospital stay, and health costs. Aim: A prospective cohort study of children admitted to the tertiary pediatric ICU between January 2009 and January 2014 was carried out. To assess the malnutrition type, and impact of nutritional status on outcomes like mortality rate, disease, complication in critically ill children.To the study were enrolled 138 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care units of the NationalCenter for Maternal and Childrens Hospital. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the MNUMS, and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. Nutritional status was determined using Waterlow criteria.Total participants were 49.3% (n=68) of male, 50.7% (n=70) female. 138 children with a mean age 4.4 months ±3.6/ Std.Er/, min = 1 month, max = 12 months, mode = 1 month. n=70(50.7%) acute malnutrition, n=58(42%) chronic malnutrition by Waterlow criteria. In malnutrition group was assessed patient with ricket n=36 (26.1%), patient with anemia n=56(58.9%)While malnutrition is a major problem in pediatric intensive care units. Acute malnutrition moreoccurred in the pediatric intensive care.Malnutrition more occurring of intrauterine infection, genetic disorder, hematology disease’s patients.

Purpose:To identify theeffect of Antacid calcium-preparation on gastroeosophageal reflux disease by using pH meterfor 24 hour monitoring analysis. Study methodology:A randomly controlled test was used for the study. Study objects were administered Antacid calcium-6 preparation and their gastric acidity level was identified by pH monitoring analysis for 24 hours. Theimpact of preparation in regards with before and after treatment and their relationship were analysed by t-test. Results:The 24-hour pH meter analysis of Antacid calcium-6 preparation indicated that before administration of preparation the gastroeosophageal pH=5,75±0,14, which has increased after the administration to pH=9,7±0,02 and the average duration was 7,8±0,09 days. In other words, the alkalinizing effect was statistically significant (p<0.001). Also, According to the criteria developed by the DeMeester, the daily prevalence of reflux, the prevalence of reflux that continued for more than five minutes and the DeMeester index indicated that the preparation was significantly efficient (p=0.041). The neutrialising effect of the preparation was established by using the criteria method developed by G.A. Agafonova and A.P. Kholopov (1984), and after administering the preparation, the gastric level was pH=4,6±1,5 indicating that the preparation had a neutralising effect. The average duration for neutralization was 19,3±0,9 hours. Conclusion: Аntacid calcium-6 preparation was effective in neutralising the gastric acidity and it was appropriate for treatment of GERD, chronic gastritis.

The study’s goal was to determine efficiency of the Antacide Calcium-6 to Gastroeosophageal reflux disease (GERD) by radiological study. The material and methods are experimental study and we collected occasionally participants. The study was 2 stages. In the first stage, participants are given Antacide Calcium-6 p.o, and then monitored gastric acidity by pH monitoring for 24 hours. We evaluated how to effect to reflux condition in before and after treatment by relational groups t score. Also we determinate efficient to GERD by DeMeester score, G.A. Agafanova, A.P.Kholopov scores, time to neutralize gastric acidity by time to gastric acidity return normal. First stages results are this preparation alkalified eosophagus (р<0,001). The second stage: Participants are given Antacide calcium-6 for 21 days p.o (1 times per day, in 10 A.M, 1.5g) after collected GerdQ questions and did gastroeosophageal flexible endoscopy. Treatments results evaluated by GerdQ and Antacide calcium-6 decreased to gastro- eosophageal reflux by 72.1% (р<0,001). Eosophageal mucous membrande changes were 86.11% (n=31), gastric inflammation’s actitity was decreased 72.22% (n=26) by endoscopic examination. In conclusion, Antacid calcium-6 biological preparation has neutralizing actions to gastric acidity. Therefore this preparation is comfortable to treat GERD and chronic gastritis.

Abstract: Turem treatment which corrects defect of the five types of traditional therapy is a top value that is written to source and description novel. The turem treatment is contribution in the traditional medicine from Mongolians. Traditional literature had taught Indications and precautions for turem treatment and written 110 points in detail. Knee osteoarthrosis is wide spread among the Mongolians . Because it has many causes: weather , environment, diet, wrong life style. We measured amplitude of the knee joint by goniometer and signs and symptoms assessed by Leken’s functional index (0-6 scores). In our study, before the treatment knee joint flexion movement was (77.8±50) and after 9 days, flexion movement was improved approximately by 15,6%, reached (90±13.20),. Knee extensor movement was increased by 5,2%. The turem treatments result of flexor movement of knee joint was two times than mud therapy. Such movement increased by 5,6% compared to compress therapy.