The result of determination of some risk factors of hearing loss, deafness in neonates and infants Background: Newborns born prematurely or with high risk for hearing loss are 10 times more likely to develop hearing loss than well babies. Also, 1 out of 50 newborns hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit are at risk of hearing loss. The risk factors of hearing loss and deafness in children was first developed and tracked by Joint Committee on Infant Hearing in 1972, and has been further refined and updated since then. The last update was made in 2007 and used worldwide. The risk factors of hearing loss for children vary by age. Materials and methods: A case-control study was performed to identify some risk factors for the development of hearing loss and deafness in neonates and infants. The research case group included all the cases in which the diagnosis of congenital hearing loss or deafness was confirmed by the auditory brainstem response test (ABR) in the 3 stages of the study or the stage of diagnosis confirmation, while the control group included infants whose diagnosis was not confirmed and normal hearing was confirmed by the auditory brainstem response test (ABR). The study groups were selected in 1:1 ratio. Results: The perinatal disorders (OR 7.67; 95% CI; 3.61-16.34; p=<0.0001), genetic predisposition (OR 8.45; 95% CI; 1.04-68.46; p=0.045), PCOS (OR 2.85; 95% CI; 1.27-6.41; p=0.011), premature birth (OR 3.90; 95% CI; 1.27-6.41; p=<0.0001), hearing of children with congenital malformations (OR 16.55; 95% CI; 2.15-127.01; p=0.007) reduction and deafness are statistically significant. Conclusion: The perinatal disorders (OR 5.31), genetic factors (OR 10.01), congenital malformations (OR 2.65), ear disorders (OR 8.94), and premature birth (OR 2.57) are statistically significant factors in the development of hearing loss and deafness in neonates and infants.

The result of a study of prevalence, type and degrees Of hearing impairment in newborns and infants Introduction: Significant bilateral hearing loss is the most common congenital disorder of the newborn, occurring 2-3 times per 1000 live infants. In December 2012, for the first time in Mongolia, neonatal hearing screening was introduced at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. We aimed at investigated the outcomes of neonatal hearing screening and diagnostics of type and degree of hearing loss in neonates and infants. Materials and methods: During the study period, 2019-2020, a total of 70,614 infants born in Urguu, Khuree, Amgalan maternity hospitals, Baganuur district health center, Intermed hospital, and the National Center for Maternal and Child Health were included in the prospective cohort study. The study was performed in three phases, following the clinical guidelines for neonatal hearing screening. Results from the well-baby newborn hearing screening program and diagnostic follow-up of referred children from 2019 to 2021 were included in calculating prevalence rates. Hearing loss was classified according to the degree and type. Results: A total of 94.1% of 70,614 children eligible for screening were included. A prevalence rate of bilateral hearing loss 2.23 per 1000 children was found. A prevalence rate of bilateral severe and profound hearing loss 1 per 1000 children was found. The mild sensorineural hearing loss 28 (26.0%) was most common in children, followed by moderate 19 (17,6%), severe 21 (19.4%), profound 19 (17.6%) and deaf 21 (19.4%). Conclusions: The coverage of hearing screening in maternity hospitals in Ulaanbaatar is relatively good (94.1%), but there is a repeat screening (62.1%) and follow-up and diagnostic tests (49.9%). shows that the system needs to be improved. Because of the well-by hearing screening program, reported results approximate prevalence rates of permanent hearing loss by severity.

Outcomes of the retinopathy of prematurity screening and treatment in Mongolia Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease characterized by abnormal retinal vasculature that can have devastating visual consequences. Despite evidence that early detection and treatment can prevent blindness, ROP remains a leading cause of pediatric blindness worldwide. We aimed at investigating the outcomes of ROP screening, intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and laser surgery in the treatment ROP and describe an evidence-based and specific process for identifying birth weight and gestational age screening guidelines in Mongolia utilizing telemedicine. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective of prematurity infants screened ROP from 2012 September to July 2020 and prospective cohort study of premature infants with treatment-requiring ROP who received intravitreal injections, laser surgery and combined therapy from 2015 December 01 to January 31, 2017. Demographic factors, diagnosis and clinical course were recorded in a de-identified manner using REDCap, a secure, web-based platform to collect image and demographic data. The IRB approved the study protocol not requiring parental consent due to the de-identified nature of the data which was used for program monitoring purposes. Indirect ophthalmoscopy and Retinal imaging was performed using RetCam (Natus Medical, Pleasanton, CA) and images were uploaded to the web-based platform which could be accessed by the Mongolian ophthalmologist for reference. Each eye was evaluated by the local Mongolian ophthalmologist for the presence or absence of ROP, zone of vascularization, stage, plus disease, and aggressive posterior ROP (AP-ROP). The diagnosis and classification of ROP for this current study were determined by examination using indirect ophthalmoscopy, and treatment plans were determined according to the International Classification for ROP and the Early Treatment for ROP Study (ET-ROP).2,13 Regression analysis to determine association between BW and GA and the development of ROP. Results: A total of 9126 premature infants with BW ≤ 2500 g and/or GA ≤ 36 weeks were screened for ROP during the study period. 327 (3.5%) of the 9126 infants screened required treatment. The193 infants who received ROP screening had a mean GA of 30.09 ± 1.7 weeks, and mean BW of 1500.3 ± 125.42g. The BW of infants in this study ranged from 750g to 2000g, and the GA at birth ranged from 25 to 35 weeks. The BW of infants in this study ranged from 750g to 2000g, and the GA at birth ranged from 25 to 35 weeks. There were 96 boys (49.7%) and 97 girls (50.3%). Among infants receiving treatment, the highest BW was 2000g (born at 31 weeks GA), and the oldest was 34 weeks (with a BW of 1300g). The distribution of birth weight and gestational age in Mongolia was similar to other low-middle income countries, with higher birth weight and older gestational age. As birth weight and gestational age decreased, relative risk of developing ROP increased. Conclusions: After treatment, resolution of ROP was noted in approximately 90 % of the patients who had treatment-requiring ROP. 10 % of patients treated with IVB, IVR, Laser surgery and combined therapy however, did not respond and progressed to retinal detachment. This prospective study provides information about the development of ROP in preterm infants in the capital city of Mongolia. The distributions of BW and GA among infants developing ROP in Mongolia differ from those found in higher-income countries, and are comparable to other low and middle-income countries. We used a secure, web-based data collection and retrieval system that could be extended to multiple countries, which is now equipped with a telemedicine platform enabling remote grading of fundus images.