Objective: To investigate the timing of puberty onset among primary school students, so as to provide the reference data for early identification of children with suspected precocious puberty. Methods: A study was conducted from October 23 to November 7, 2023, involving 10 225 students(5 412 boys, 4 813 girls) from grade 1 to 6 of four campuses in Meiling Primary School in Yangzhou. Breast development in girls and external genitalia in boys was assessed via visual inspection and palpation, with pubertal stages classified using the Tanner staging method. Puberty onset timing was determined based on age/sex reference values from Chinese Han children s pubertal milestone indicators. Descriptive analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0. Results: The median age for testicular volume reaching 4 mL in boys was 10.49 years, while the median age for breast development onset in girls was 9.70 years. Among boys with testicular volume ≥4 mL, 16.6%( n =217) were identified as suspected early puberty cases; among girls with Tanner stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ, 123(9.4%) and 165(18.5%) showed earlier breast development than the reference range. Overall, 14.4% of students exhibited suspected precocious puberty. Conclusion The onset age of puberty for girls in primary schools of Yangzhou aligns with findings from other regions, while boys show earlier pubertal initiation.

Objective To explore the medication rules of Professor Hua Baojin in the treatment of subsolid pulmonary nodules through retrospective analysis and data mining techniques. Methods The prescriptions of patients with subsolid pulmonary nodules who were diagnosed and treated by Professor Hua Baojin at Guang’anmen Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2024 were retrospectively collected. Data were imported into the Ancient and Modern Medical Case Cloud Platform for analysis of drug frequency, four natures and five flavors, meridian tropism, drug association, and hierarchical clustering. Results A total of 455 prescriptions were included, containing 205 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines, with a total frequency of 12048 times. Fifty-seven commonly used drugs were screened out, among which drugs with high frequencies included astragalus membranaceus (raw) and hawthorn fruit (charred). The nature of the drugs was mainly warm, cold, and neutral. The flavor of the drugs was mostly sweet, bitter, and pungent. The meridians they belonged to mainly included the lung, spleen, and liver meridians. Their efficacy was mainly tonifying deficiency, clearing heat, resolving phlegm, and relieving cough and asthma. Association analysis obtained 19 pairs of drug combinations, 21 groups of three-drug combinations, and four groups of four-drug combinations. Hierarchical clustering obtained 10 groups of drug combinations. Conclusion On the basis of the core pathogenesis of subsolid pulmonary nodule, Professor Hua applies the theory of regulating qi and detoxifying; regulating the qi of the liver, spleen, and lung; and detoxifying the toxins of phlegm and blood stasis, providing valuable experience for the clinical treatment of SSN.

The abnormal accumulation of neutrophil extracellular traps （NETs） can promote the initiation and progression of pancreatic cancer， which is considered a potential therapeutic target for this disease. The Miraculous Pivot·Inquiry About Statement （《灵枢·口问》） have recorded the concept of "defensive qi stagnation". Based on the recognition that the function of defensive qi is similar to the immune function of neutrophils， and combining traditional Chinese medicine theory with clinical practice， it is proposed that the abnormal accumulation of NETs may be a pathological product of "defensive qi stagnation"， with the spleen being the critical site of pathology. Further exploring the application strategy of cleaning spleen and restoring defensive qi method in pancreatic cancer treatment， it is proposed to employ three approaches such as dredging method to eliminate spleen stagnation and inhibit pancreatic cancer proliferation， cleaning method to remove spleen dampness and suppress the inflammatory micro-environment， and tonifying method to strengthen Weiqi and to improve the immune microenvironment， which aims to provide new insights for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer with traditional Chinese medicine.

This article combined the pathogenic characteristics of "latent wind" with the theory of collateral diseases to clarify the pathological features of tumor blood vessels， including their active proliferation， high permeabi-lity， and promotion of metastasis. The theory framework of "latent wind in collaterals" as the tumor mechanism was proposed， which suggests that at the site of tumor lesions， the collaterals inherit the nature of latent wind to grow excessively， adopt an open and discharge nature to leak essence， and tumor toxins， characterized by their rapid movement and frequent changes， spread and metastasize， driving the progression of malignant tumors. Focusing on the fundamental pathogenesis of "latent wind in collaterals"， specific clinical treatment principles and methods centered on treating wind are proposed， including regulating qi and dispelling wind， clearing heat and extinguishing wind， unblocking collaterals and expelling wind， and reinforcing healthy qi to calm wind， so as to provide references for enhancing the precision of traditional Chinese medicine in treating malignant tumors.

In response to the clinical needs of cancer treatment and rehabilitation, Professor Lin Hongsheng proposed the Wuzhi Wuyang (five treatments and rehabilitation) concept on the basis of years of clinical experience and the Guben Qingyuan (consolidate the foundation and clear the source) theory. Wuzhi Wuyang emphasizes the importance of treatment and rehabilitation and aims to provide personalized and stage-specific treatment and rehabilitation plans by integrating the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and modern medicine to achieve comprehensive life-cycle management for patients with cancer. The proposal of Wuzhi Wuyang has provided new ideas and methods for the treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of cancer, along with valuable references for clinical practice and academic research. This article summarizes the connotation of Wuzhi Wuyang and its application in the comprehensive management of cancer prevention and treatment with TCM.

The modernization of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the field of oncology has led to the formation of a diversified theoretical system for tumor treatment. However， this system faces challenges such as significant differences between theoretical understanding and clinical treatment and lack of unified consensus and standardized protocols. The pathogenesis and treatment of collateral diseases， when summarized by the philosophy of Yin and Yang Qi transformation， offer a valuable academic perspective in the tumor theory by simplifying complexity and integrating knowledge. Building on the foundation of the collateral theory and modern research， our team has innovatively proposed the theory of cancer collaterals. From the Yin and Yang Qi transformation of collaterals， this theory emphasizes that the core pathogenesis of cancer collaterals is the dysfunction of Qi transformation in collaterals. Cancer collaterals are characterized by a Yin substance with a Yang function， representing the pathogenic Qi combining Yin and Yang. This theory outlines seven pathological characteristics （concealment， aggressive onset， toxin coagulation， obstruction and stasis， deficiency and damage， variable dispersion， and differences in Zang-organ collaterals） of cancer collaterals， five unique pathogeneses （latent toxin， stasis obstruction， damage， abnormal proliferation， and toxin dispersion in cancer collaterals） of cancer collaterals， and the full-cycle pathogenesis evolution through four stages （early， middle， late， and post-treatment stages） of tumors. In clinical practice， it is essential to differentiate the Yin and Yang Qi transformation states of body collaterals and cancer collaterals to restore the normal Qi transformation of collaterals and regulate the disordered Qi transformation of cancer collaterals. Therefore， the treatment method of regulating Qi and dredging collaterals in the theory of cancer collaterals is proposed. Regulating Qi involves adjusting the yang of cancer collaterals to promote Qi transformation， while dredging collaterals involves resolving the Yin of cancer collaterals to transform the formed cancer toxin. Finally， the practical value of the theory of cancer collaterals is discussed in terms of guiding clinical differentiation and treatment， promoting scientific research， and breaking down theoretical barriers. The aim is to perfect the theoretical system of malignant tumor differentiation and treatment.

Objective To study the medication law of postoperative treatment of colorectal cancer by national TCM doctor Professor Piao Bingkui.Methods Professor Piao Bingkui's electronic medical records and paper medical records of colorectal cancer postoperative patients at Guang'anmen Hospital,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Beijing Yiqingtang Chinese Medicine Clinic were collected and organized from their outpatients from January 1st,2002 to February 28th,2022.R4.2.1 was used to study the prescriptions,including high-frequency drugs,drug types,properties of Chinese materia medica,yin yang and five elements and dosage of drugs,as well as the law of multi-drug association in postoperative patients with colorectal cancer.Results Totally 642 colorectal postoperative cancer patients were included,involving 2 226 prescriptions,180 kinds of Chinese materia medica,and a total frequency of 39 988 times.The high-frequency drugs were Astragali Radix,fried Aurantii Fructus with wheat bran,Dioscoreae Rhizoma,etc.The main drugs in terms of efficacy were tonics for tonifying deficiency,disinfectants,etc.;the main properties were warm and neutral,the main tastes were sweet,pungent and bitter,and the main meridians were spleen meridians and stomach meridians.Ascending medicines were often used,and the drug were basically non-toxic.The frequency of using yang tonifying medicine was high,and the five elements were commonly used as local medicines;the dosage was mostly 10,15 and 20 g.The complex network analysis and clustering analysis of the association between multiple drugs found that Professor Piao Bingkui's basic prescription for treating colorectal cancer included Astragali Radix,fried Aurantii Fructus with wheat bran,Dioscoreae Rhizoma,salt Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus,Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium,Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma,Pseudostellariae Radix,and fried Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma with wheat bran.Conclusion In the treatment of colorectal cancer,Professor Piao Bingkui focuses on reinforcing the healthy qi,nourishing spleen and stomach function,combined with detoxication method and clearing heat,expelling phlegm and dampness,guiding stagnation and dispelling stasis methods,making syndrome differentiation as well as tonifying and benefiting qi,regulating qi movement,so as to realize the"treating middle-energizer as balance"and achieve mild level when treating colorectal cancer.

Objective Establishment of a mouse model of orthotopic lung cancer and lymph node metastasis to simulate lymph node metastasis during the occurrence and development of lung cancer and to study the immune cells in the microenvironment before lung cancer metastasis occurs.Methods Mouse Lewis lung cancer cells were cultured and then injected through the chest walls of mice to establish an orthotopic mouse model of lung cancer.Samples were taken at 7,14,21,and 28 days after tumor transplantation,and the changes in the orthotopically transplanted tumors,lymph node tissue structure,and B cells were observed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry.Results The orthotopic C57BL/6J mouse model of lung cancer was successfully constructed,and the mediastinal lymph nodes were collected.The changes in the germinal center,lymphatic vessels,and blood vessels within the lymph nodes as well as structural alterations of lymph nodes associated with tumor metastasis and infiltration of tumor cells were observed during the progression of lung cancer using HE staining.Immunohistochemistry showed an increase in the density of B cells in the lymph nodes of the model group.Conclusions The establishment of this model lays a foundation for the future study of immune cells in the microenvironment of lung cancer before lymph node metastasis occurs.

Endothelial cells in the inner wall of blood vessels respond to physical and chemical signals of the body by regulating vascular homeostasis， vascular tension， cell adhesion， cell proliferation， coagulation resistance and inflammatory factors， to maintain the stability of blood vessels. Angiogenesis is the key condition for tumor evolution， and the pathological mode of tumor angiogenesis provides nutrients and oxygen for tumor growth and promotes its proliferation. In recent years， endothelial cells have participated in tumor vascular infiltration and driven angiogenesis， which is considered to be the point link in tumor metastasis. By regulating metabolic remodeling， vascular endothelial cells provide the materials and energy needed in the process of tumor angiogenesis， and their abnormal metabolic characteristics facilitate their adaption to the changes of tumor microenvironment， which is often regarded as an important basis for tumor angiogenesis. The ''Yin fire'' theory in traditional Chinese medicine， originating from Huangdi's Internal Classic （Huang Di Nei Jing）， originally meant Yin deficiency generates internal heat， and belonged to the category of fire of internal injury. After the deduction and changes by physicians over the ages， the pathogenesis of ''spleen and stomach Qi deficiency-Yin fire rising-Qi and fire disharmony'' was gradually formed. The pathogenesis of metabolic remodeling of endothelial cells manifests the pathological characterization of Yin fire in an objective way， which is consistent with the disease state of uncontrolled and hyperactive tumor neovascularization. Changes in spleen and stomach Qi deficiency as well as imbalance of Qi movement lead to the failure of water and food in distribution， and thus metabolic disorders occur. Long term retention turns in phlegm and blood stasis， which combat with blood vessels， and result in abnormal local environment （formation of tumor microenvironment）， adverse pulse channel （imbalance of endothelial cell metabolism）， and tumor neovascularization. Under the guidance of ''Yin fire'' syndrome elements and by focusing on the correlation between Qi and fire， prescriptions are made based on the treatment method of ''strengthening the body and regulating Qi'' to regulate the metabolic function of endothelial cells， thus achieving a relatively balanced state of the body and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. As a result， this study， centering on the metabolic remodeling of endothelial cells and ''Yin fire'' theory， elucidated the academic ideas， with the purpose of providing some theoretical support for the intervention of tumor vascularization by Chinese medicine.

Cervical cancer is a gynecological malignant tumor with a high incidence in the world. With the insidious onset and lack of obvious symptoms and signs in the early stage， 13% of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage of the disease， and the 5-year survival rate of metastatic cervical cancer is only 16.5%. So far， surgery and radiotherapy/chemotherapy are still the basic means for the treatment of cervical cancer. However， with the emergence of toxicity， drug resistance， and other side effects， there are still some limitations in the clinical application of these therapies. In recent years， natural compounds represented by polysaccharides have been found to have a significant anti-cervical cancer effect， which has attracted extensive attention from researchers in China and abroad. Widely distributed in the roots， stems， leaves， flowers， and fruits of higher plants， plant-based polysaccharides are important components of natural polysaccharides， as well as multimers with a complex structure and biological response regulators， which have been widely studied in the fields of cancer， cardiovascular， endocrine， and other diseases. This study reviewed the research on the anti-cervical cancer effect and mechanism of natural plant-derived polysaccharides by consulting the literature in the past 20 years to bring breakthroughs in the research and development of anti-cervical cancer new drugs. Through the literature review， the results indicated that natural plant-derived polysaccharides could exert anti-tumor effects by inhibiting cell proliferation， promoting apoptosis， inhibiting invasion and migration， promoting autophagy， arresting cell cycle of cervical cancer cells， regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）， resisting oxidative stress， inhibiting tumor angiogenesis， improving immunomodulatory activity， and regulating signaling pathways. It should be noted that in the current research on natural plant-derived polysaccharides against cervical cancer， the bioavailability of some natural polysaccharides is low and a considerable proportion of the research is limited to the in vitro experiment. Therefore， it is urgent to carry out more clinical experimental studies on the anti-cervical cancer of natural plant-based polysaccharides to obtain a more reliable theoretical and practical basis.