Background: Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in many food products, thus confers various health benefits to humans when they are frequently consumed in adequate amounts. Aim: To determine the effect of lactic acid bacteria on the growth of tomatoes. Materials and Methods: The lactic acid bacteria were cultured using the Lactobacillus medium from whipping cream and Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) and identified using the MALDI-TOF MS automated microbial identification analyzer. A solution was prepared using Lactobacillus delbrueckii isolated from whipping cream and Lactobacillus gasseri isolated from Dandelion (10^7CFU/ml), and sterilized tomato seeds were watered for 10 days with the solution, while sterilized distilled water was used as a control. The germination rate of the seeds and the root length were measured and recorded every day. Results: The solution of L.delbrueckii bacteria isolated from cream germinated 100% of the seeds, which is 4% higher than the control seeds, while the solution of L.gasseri bacteria isolated from Dandelion germinated 100%, supporting 4% higher than the control seeds. Seedlings irrigated with the L.delbrueckii bacterial solution exhibited an average length of 10.3cm, which was 1.3cm longer than the control (P=0.003), indicating a statistically significant difference. Similarly, those treated with the L.gasseri solution had an average length of 11.5cm, 2.5cm longer than the control (P=0.005), also demonstrating statistical significance. Conclusion The application of the lactic acid bacterial solution significantly enhanced both the germination of tomato seeds and the growth of the plants compared to the control solution.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an unknown systemic autoimmune disease that causes multiple tissue and organ damage. Lupus nephritis (LN) was found to occur in 15-30% of the patients with lupus at the time of initial diagnosis and in 30-50% during disease progression. Accurate diagnosis and active treatment can preserve the kidney function of LN patients and delay the process of kidney fibrosis, thus postponing the occurrence and development of end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). The diagnosis of LN is ideally confirmed by histologic findings in a kidney biopsy. Additionally, serum or urine biomarkers such as serum creatinine, urea, and immune-related molecules, such as anti-double-stranded DNA, anticardiolipin, complement components C3, C4, and anti-C1q antibodies. Aim: The information concerning non-invasive, easy, and accurate biomarkers for diagnosis of lupus nephritis. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of cystatin C and complement component 1q antibody for lupus nephritis. Materials and Methods: A study that included 40 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without LN (non-Lupus group), 40 patients with lupus nephritis (Lupus group) was performed in a hospital based cross-sectional study from May 2022 to August 2024. The serum levels of CysC, Anti-C1q, urea, and creatinine were measured, and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRCysC , eGFRcreat , eGFRcomb) were calculated by equations two groups and the CKD-EPI respectively. T-test analysis or Chi-square test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to identify the diagnostic efficiencies of individual or combined multiple indicators. Results: 80 patients were recruited, including 5% men and 95% women with a mean age of 35.15±9.57 years (range 17-56 years). The LN group with a mean age of 35.2±9.44 years, non-LN group with a mean age of 35.1 ±9.38 years. The non-LN group clinical manifestation of 47.5% arthritis, 32.5% hematologic system, 10% interstitial lung disease, 7.5% dermatitis, 2.5% central nervous system. The LN group with SLE disease activity index of 85% severe activity, 2.5% moderate activity, 2.5% mild activity. The non-LN group with SLE disease activity index of 7.5% severe activity, 62.5% moderate activity, 20% mild activity, 10% low activity. Significantly elevated Cystatin C and anti-C1q were observed in the LN groups. Cystatin C, creatinine, urea and antiC1q were increased 60% (n=24), 22.5% (n=9), 32.5% (n=13), and 70% (n=28) respectively (P=0.001). eGFRcreat detected chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage of 63.7% normal, 25% mild, and 11.25% moderate stage. eGFRcyst detected chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage of 47.5% normal, 25% mild, 20% moderate, 7.5% severe stage. Conclusion The separately detected cystatin C(eGFRcyst) and antiC1q were superior to the conventional biomarkers Urea, Creat, and eGFRcreat in the diagnosis of lupus nephritis with SLE.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers account for 2% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the world and 1.5% in Mongolia. Approximately 85-90% of all brain and other CNS tumors were diagnosed primary brain tumor. In 2019, the average 5 year survival probability was 50% for other cancers and 11% for the primary brain tumors. There were 28 patients with primary brain tumor and 33 relatively healthy individuals in our study. Goal: To study the diagnostic value of serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein in the diagnosis of primary brain cancer Material and Methods: The Department of Neurosurgery at Third central hospital included 28 patients with primary brain cancer and 33 relatively healthy people. The study was conducted under the permission of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health on June 19, 2019 №119. Serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein content was determined by the ELISA kits method using the human aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acid protein test kit of the Chinese company “Sanlong”. The level is assumed to be true if the p value is less than 0.05. Results Mean age of the all participants was 42.9±16.5, 64% female and 36% male. Serum aquaporin-4 protein levels were 175.71±13.3 pg/ml and serum glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were 2.682±0.218 ng/ml in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were statistically significant high (p<0.001) in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein level differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) in benign and malignant tumor. There was no statistically significant correlation between serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein level and primary brain tumor grade.

Introduction: When human body encounters external pathogens primary/innate immunity cells are activated by recognizing them and secondary/adaptive immunity is activated consecutively. Immune cell surface receptors, called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize and bind pathogens. In our previous study, we revealed that there is a synergistic action between TLR9 and IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells. Purpose: To determine the role of negative and positive regulatory proteins on the IFN-γ/TLR9 synergistic signaling pathway Materials and Methods: This study was held in the Core Laboratory, Science Technology Center, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). In this study, murine endothelial cell (END-D) culture was used. The negative and positive regulator protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Result: Result of immunoblotting assay indicated that CpG DNA enhanced IFN-γ positive regulator protein p38 phosphorylation in the endothelial cells. Treatment by TLR9 ligand CpG DNA and IFN-γ increased p38 activation in 0.5 hour and 1 hour. CpG DNA inhibited IFN-γ negative regulator SOCS1 protein expression in 4 hr and 8 hr. Therefore, TLR9 ligand CpG DNA increased IFN-γ signal transduction in the endothelial cell line. Conclusion TLR9 ligand CpG DNA has decreased IFN-γ negative regulator protein SOCS1 expression. CpG DNA has increased IFN-γ positive regulator protein p38 phosphorylation.

Introduction: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that key role in the innate immune system. The SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins are negative-feed loop inhibitors of signaling of JAK/STAT and TLRs pathways. Purpose: To determine negative regulator protein activation which is activated through TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signal transduction in endothelial cells. Methods: We used mouse aortic linear endothelial cell (END-D); protein expressio was detected by western blotting Results: We analyzed a time dependent stimulation effects of negative regulator proteins stimulated by TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ in endothelial cell cultures. Imiquimod of 10 μg/ml treatment of 1 hr was followed by 100 ng/ml IFN-γ stimulation for 1-8hr to analysis of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 protein expression.
In untreated cells, there was low activations of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins. IFN-γ stimulation alone had increased SOCS1 and SHP2 protein expressions, also imiquimod treatment highly elevated SOCS1 and SHP2 expressions. However imiquimod and IFN-γ doubled treatment have decreased activation of negative regulator SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins. These findings suggest SOCS1 and SHP2 proteins are inhibitors in the TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signaling. Conclusion Negative regulators, SOCS1 and SHP2 strongly suppressed activations of TLR7 ligand/IFN-γ signaling

Introduction: Now days in case of two countries’ cooperation has been developing day by day, diversified activities such as collaboration and exchanging experience has been performing in health sector, medical science, besides pharmacology. Methods: This study aimed to compare two countries’ pharmacist’s acquirements and roles and provide information to Mongolian Pharmaceutical Universities and pharmacist students. Pharmaceutical: Statistics :
Population:
  - 3 million in Mongolia
  - 5 million in Korea
Number of pharmacists:
  - 1726 (by 2016) in Mongolia
  - 33182 (by 2016) in Korea
Number of Pharmaceutical Universities
  - 7 universities, including 1 public and 6 private in Mongolia
  - 34 universities, including 10 public and 25 private in Korea Results As a result of this study, pharmacist’s acquirements, role and working sectors of pharmacists in two countries are ordinarily same. There are some different sides below:
  • Period of pharmacist’s preparatory training is 5 years at university in Mongolia and 2+4 years in Korea.
  • Pharmaceutical Universities of Mongolia trains 2 specialists: pharmacist (bachelor`s degree) and pharmacist (diplom`s degree); College of Pharmacy of Korea trains pharmacist, pharmacist of traditional medicine and pharmaceutical engineering.
  • For a role of business, in Mongolia pharmacist (diplom`s degree) is a separate specialist trained with diploma, whereas in Korea, if pharmacist gets a license, they have a right to compound a medicine legally, but commonly in pharmaceutical industry.
  • As for sector, pharmacists are trained in many specializes, such as general pharmacist, clinical pharmacist, military pharmacist, nuclear pharmacist, cancer pharmacist and vet pharmacist.
  • Special legal professional pharmacists work in Korea, such as governmental organization’s pharmacist, civil service pharmacist and public organization’s pharmacist.
  • No person, other than pharmacists or oriental pharmacists may dispense drugs, and pharmacists or oriental pharmacists shall dispense drugs within the limit of the license, respectively: However, students who major in pharmacy at college may dispense drugs within the limits prescribed by Ordinance of the Ministry of Health and Welfare.

BACKGROUND Bovine colostrums is the milk secreted by cows during the first few days after parturition. It contains many essential nutrients and bioactive components, including growth factors, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin and cytokines ets. Lactoferrin has been reported for its multifunctional properties such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral antioxidant and anticancer activities. The aims of this study focused on the isolation and purification of lactoferrin from Mongolian bovine colostrums. Lactoferrin purified using HiTrap DEAE an ion exchange chromatography. Lactoferrin purification efficiency was about 60.5%. The single band of purified lactoferrin has been observed in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. METHODS Bovine colostrum was collected at a cow farm in the Darkhan province of Mongolia. At first the cream was separated by centrifugation (10000 xg 20 min at 4oC). In order to separate the whey, the samples were precipitated with 1mol/l to pH 4.6 and centrifuged at 10000 g 20 min again. The samples of whey were stored at -18oC to the analysis. Lactoferrin was purified by HiTrap DEAE an ion exchange chromatography using 0.005 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) and linear gradient NaCl from 0.25M, 0.5M, 1M. During chromatography, protein in the eluents was monitored by ultraviolet absorbation at 280 nm with the instrument. Purity test done by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturated condition (SDS-PAGE) method by Laemmli (1970). For HPLC determination of the lactoferrin by Shimadzu Nexera X2 HPLC system with UV/ VIS detector were used. Detection was carried out at the wavelength 280 nm. Separation was performed on a chromatographic column Protein R C18 ,2.2 x 150 mm, 5 μm particle size. Linear gradient and flow rate 0.2 ml/min were used. Mobile phase a consisted of water / acetonitrile/ trifluoroacetic acid ( 95:5:0.1). The column temperature was set at 40oC and injection volume was 10 μl. Data were collected and evaluated by software Lab Solution. An external standard method for quantification analytes was used. RESULTS Purified lactoferrin in the present study had a good concentration and purification efficiency was about 60.5 %. Protein fraction from 1M NaCl gradient delivers sharp and clean peak to HPLC chromatogram that fits intensity and retention time of standard bovine lactoferrin. Ammount of lactoferrin in bovine colostrums was 0.6 mg/ml and it`s molecular weight 80 kDa as a standard sample. The retention time of lactoferrin fraction which is purified by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The peak of fraction same compared to the standard lactoferrin 5.8 minutes by HPLC analysis. CONCLUSION Ion exchange chromatography shows reliable and easy isolation of lactoferrin from Mongol bovine colostrum.

BACKGROUND: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that key role in the innate immune system. TLR7 is expressed on monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, T cell, B cell and eosinophiles. TLR7, originally identified as recognizing imidaquinoline, loxibrine, broprimine and ssRNA, ssRNA viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza A virus and human immunodefiency virus. It is known that virus ssRNA affects signaling molecule of IFN-y. Objective: To determine gene and protein activation of IFN-y signal transduction by TLR7 ligand in the endothelial cells. MATERIAL: In study we used mouse aortic linear endothelial cell which is cultured (END-D) in 5% heat- inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), medium (DMEM) containing antibiotic mix(penicillin G, streptomycin, amphotericin B) at 37°C (5% CO2). Endothelial cells treated with synthetic IFN-γ and imiquimodligands, then the NO (nitric oxide) concentration in the supernatant is determined by Griess reagent. Endothelial cells are cultured in 6 well cell culture plate and in each well 2*104cells are expected to be grown for 24 hours of culture. Then, the cells are treated with synthetic IFN-γ and имиквимод ligand for 6 hours and the NO signaling gene activation iNOS mRNA expression which is induced by IFN-γ is determined by RT-qPCR. Endothelial cells are cultured in 12 well cell culture plate and in each well 2*104 cells are expected to be grown for 18 hours of culture. Then, the cells are treated with synthetic IFN-γ and imiquimodligands for 24 hours and the NO signaling protein iNOS expression which is induced by IFN-γ is determined by western blotting. The experiment was conducted as representation mean of at least three test results. The difference between statistical probabilities is determined by the “Students” t test. The p<0.01 value is assumed to be statistically different. RESULTS: TLR7 ligand imiquimodaugmented interferon gamma induced nitric oxide production TLR7 ligand imiquimodincreased interferon gamma induced iNOS mRNA gene expression. TLR7 ilgand imiquimodup-regulated interferon gamma induced iNOS protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: TLR7 ligand imiquimod augments IFN-γ signaling in the endothelial cells. This synergistic effect has revealed in the levels of gene and protein expression.

Introduction: The aim of this research project is to elucidate the crosstalk of innate and adaptive immune reactions against the DNA containing bacteria. : This study held in the Core laboratory, Science Technology Center, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). Murine aortal endothelial cells, END-D cultured and the cell viability checked by MTT assay. In addition, the NO production, protein and gene expression studied by Griess Reagent assay, R.T-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Results: 0.1µM, 1µM and 10µM of TLR9 ligand exhibited no cytotoxic action against the cells by MTT assay. IFN-ү alone induced NO production in END-D cells. In the other hand, TLR9 ligand at 0.1µM, 1µM and 10µM up-regulated IFN-ү induced NO production in dose dependent manner. RTPCR results exhibit that TLR9 ligand up regulates iNOS mRNA. Immunoblotting analysis showed the enhanced iNOS protein expression and phosphorylation of STAT1 in cells pre-treated with TLR9 ligand. Discussion: We have demonstrated CpG DNA, TLR9 ligand, up-regulates IFN-ү induced NO via enhanced IFN-ү signaling. The result of Western Blotting and RT-PCR support the up-regulation of NO. CpG DNA can be used as agent against virus and bacteria. Further research need to be conducted. Conclusion TLR9 ligand, CpG DNA up-regulates IFN-ү induced NO production in time and dose dependent manner. TLR9 ligand augments the expression of iNOS mRNA and STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN-ү.

Background Ischemic stroke or cerebral infarction in young adults (20-50 years) is relatively frequent, accounting for more than 10%-26% of all first strokes and its incidence rises steeply with age. Causes of “Young stroke” are heterogeneous and while it generally has a good prognosis, it has a significant socioeconomic impact, including functional deficits and financial costs. The most frequent causes of cerebral infarction in young adults are cardio-embolism, hypertension, premature atherosclerosis, migraine, smoking and hypercoagulable states. Objective The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of cerebral infarction between young (20-49 years) and old (50-89 years) patients undergoing investigations and treatment according to one common protocol in the tertiary hospital. Methods This Descriptive case series study was conducted in Department of Neurology of First State Central Hospital from October 2014 to July 2016. During this study, we observed 220 patients with first-onset of cerebral infarction from which 90 young patients (under 50 years) and 130 old one (above 50 years), based on prospective study. Data regarding the etiology and risk factors of the stroke, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic test results of patients were examined during their hospital treatment as well as a NIHSS, modified Rankin Scale scores, and Barthel Index at admission and discharge, also at 21 day. Stroke subtyping was conducted in accordance with the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. Results In total, 220 patients with cerebral infarction were included, from which 90 (40.9%) were 20-50 years and 130 (59.1%) were 50-89 years. The proportion of males was higher among both groups: 61.1% vs. 70.0%. Common causes for cerebral infarction in the young patients were current smoking (53.3.1% vs. 37.8%), long-term alcohol consumption (51.1 vs. 12.3), cardiac embolism (36.0% vs. 16.2%), migraine with aura (25.5% vs. 12.2%), infective diseases (15.6% vs. 0.8%), and oral contraceptive use (14.4 vs. 0%). Leading causes for ischemic stroke in old patients were the conventional risk factors such as hypertension (75.4% vs. 38.9%), atherosclerosis (66.9% vs. 31.1), coronary artery disease (24.3% vs. 12%), and diabetes mellitus (26.9% vs. 6.7%). Most of the young stroke patients demonstrated good functional outcomes, at the time of discharge (71.1% vs. 60%) and three weeks (86.6% vs. 66.2%) patients had Rankin Scale scores in the range of 0-2. Conclusions There are significant differences between young and old patients with cerebral infarction regarding to risk factors, etiological subtypes and improvement of functional deficits associated with the stroke. However, severity of stroke on admittance is similar but three weeks outcome is different among young and old patients with relatively rapid improvement of functional deficit in young stroke patients than old one.