OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulation of chronic myelogenous leukemia （CML） imatinib resistant genes, in order to improve the therapeutic effect of CML imatinib resistant patients. METHODS: The human CML cell line K562 and imatinib-resistant K562 cells (K562/G01) were collected, and transcriptome of the cells were achieved by RNA-seq. The sequencing data were analyzed by using standard procedures. RESULTS: Compared with K562 cells, 464 genes were significantly changed in K562/G01 cells, including 163 up-regulated and 301 down-regulated genes. The GO function annotation analysis and KEGG pathway analysis results showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in biological processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, localization to protein organelle, ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and so on. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) plots showed that 5 gene-sets were up-regulated in K562/G01 significantly, including the pathway of TGF-beta, mTOR and CML. CONCLUSION CML imatinib resistance is associated with oxidative phosphorylation, during which the pathway of TGF-beta and mTOR are significantly up-regulated.
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology* ; K562 Cells ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the significance of various abnormal signal patterns appreared in CML and B-ALL patients by using BCR/ABL/ASS1 tricolor dual-fusion probe, and to explore its application value in detecting BCR/ABL fusion gene and ASS1 gene deletion. METHODS: 50 newly diagnosed CML patients and 50 newly diagnosed B-ALL patients were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with BCR/ABL/ASS1 tricolor dual-fusion probe. Meanwhile, karyotype analysis was performed on all the patients using the 24 hours short-term culture and R-banding. RESULTS: Among the 50 CML patients, Ph was found in 49 cases, 5 normal interphase karyotype was observed in 1 case. FISH detection showed that BCR/ABL fusion gene existed in all patients (100%), while the positive signal pathway showed that 1R1G2B2F was observed in 39 cases (78%), 2R1G2B1F in 2 cases (4%) and 1R1G2B1F in 6 cases (12%), simultaneous existence of 1R1G1B1F and 1R1G2B3F in 1 case (2%), 2R1G1B1F in 1 case (2%) 1R1G3B3F in 1 case (2%). FISH detection also showed that the karyotype of 6 case at ASS1 gene deletion (1R1G1B1F) all were simple t (9; 22) translocation, and other abnormalities not were observed. Among 50 cases of B-ALL, Ph was found in 13 cases, the numerical aberration and structural aberration of non t (9; 22) in 16 cases, normal karyotype in 20 cases, absence of mitotic phase in 1 case. FISH detection showed that 16 cases (32%) had BCR/ABL fusion gene including 13 cases (26%) of 1R1G2B2F, 1 case (2%) of stimultaneous exitance of 1R1G2B2F and 1R1G3B3F 1 case (2%) of 2R1G1B1F, 1 case (2%) of 1R1G3B2F. FISH detection also showed that 3 cases had BCR/ABL fusion gene, including 1 case with ASS1 gene deletion (2R1G1B1F), 1 case with classical t (9; 22) translocation (1R1G2B2F) and 1 case with BCR/ABL fusion gene and increase of ASS1 gene copy (1R1G3B3F). CONCLUSION Tricolor dual-fusion FISH probe for detecting BCR/ABL fusion gene and ASS1 gene deletion is simple, rapid, sensitive and stable. It can detect various forms of molecular fusion and avoid the false positive results due to coincidental overlap of signals generated by D-FISH probe and ES-FISH probe. In addition, this detection method not only can directly observe the presence or absence of ASS1 gene deletion, but also improve the reliability of the positive results of newly diagnosed BCR/ABL fusion gene and accuracy of monitoring results of minimal residual disease for the subsequent visit.
Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl ; genetics ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; genetics ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of nucleophosmin (NPM) in the proliferation of chronic myeloid leukemia cells (K562 cells) and its mechanism by RNAi technology. METHODS: shRNA was used to inhibit the expression of NPM. The expression of NPM gene was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The effect of inhibiting NPM gene on cell proliferation was detected by MTS assay. Change of cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression of cell cycle-related proteins. RESULTS: The shRNA lentiviral vector targeting at NPM gene was successfully constructed and used to transfect the K562 cells. The results showed that compared with the control groups, suppression of NPM gene expression in K562 cells could inhibit the cell proliferation and decrease the cell colony formation. Moreover, interference of NPM gene could prolong G/G phase and arrest cell cycle, which may be related to the down-regulation of NPM gene expression and activation of p21 protein expression, thereby inhibited the formation of CDK2/ Cyclin E complex. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of NPM gene expression in K562 cells can induce cell cycle arrest and inhibit cell proliferation.
Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; Nuclear Proteins

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of BAX gene deletion on the sensitivity of BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL cells of mice to imatinib and the related mechanism. METHODS: The target gene-knock out (BAX) mice were used as bone marrow cell donors; the wild type bone marrow cells(B6BM) and BAX bone marrow cells(B6BM-BAX) of mice were transfected by using reverse transcription virus, then the BCR-ABL transfected B6BM cells and B6BM-BAX cells were treated with imatinib at different concentration (0,0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μmol/L) for 48 hours. The number of viable cells was detected by trypan blue, the flow cytometry was used to detect the cell apoptosis, the Western blot was used to detect the changes of BAX, Caspase expression. RESULTS: In BCR-ABL transfected bone marrow cells treated with imatinib, the numbers of viable cells of BAX deletion group was significantly higher than that of wild type groups with statristcal difference(P<0.05), and effect- and dose-dependency(r=-0.9533 for BAX deletion group, and r=-0.9812 for wild type group). The flow cytometry showed that the cell apoptosis in BAX deletion group signifincantly decreased, compared with wild type group(P<0.05). The Western blot showed that the expression of apoptotic protein Caspase 3 in BAX deletion group was significantly higher than that in wild type group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION BAX deletion can reduce the sensitivity of BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL cells to imatinib.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl ; Gene Deletion ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Mice ; Piperazines ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; genetics ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein

OBJECTIVETo explore the association of KIR-HLA gene polymorphism with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) among ethnic Hans from southern China.

METHODSA total of 172 adult CML patients and 480 unrelated healthy controls were screened for the presence of KIR with sequence-specific primers-PCR (PCR-SSP) and sequence-based typing (SBT) of HLA-A, -B and -C loci. Polymorphisms of the KIR-HLA system were analyzed at 4 levels, and the frequencies of KIR framework genes and KIR profiles, classⅠHLA ligands, matched KIR+HLA pairs and KIR-HLA compound profile were compared between the two groups. P values were calculated using SPSS 13.0 software.

RESULTSFor the CML group, the frequencies of HLA-C2 ligand, 2DL1+HLA-C2 pair and HLA-B Bw4-80I were significantly lower than those of the control group, suggesting a protective effect against CML (HLA-C2: OR=0.386, 95%CI:0.240-0.620, P<0.01; 2DL1+HLA-C2: OR=0.316, 95%CI:0.191-0.525, P<0.01; HLA-B Bw4-80I: OR=0.576, 95%CI:0.384-0.862, P<0.01). The frequencies of KIR2DL1 ligand (HLA-C2) and KIR3DL1 ligand (HLA-B Bw4-80I) in the CML group were significantly lower than that of the control group, suggesting that the HLA-C2 and HLA-B Bw4-80I expression is probably decreased in the CML patient group, which led to reduced inhibitory signal and enhanced activating signal of KIR2DL1and/or KIR3DL1NK cells. Notably, the frequency of KIR-HLA compound profiles ID2 (KIR AA1-HLA-C1/C1-Bw6/Bw6-A3/11) in CML patients significantly increased in the CML patient group compared with the control group, suggesting that the KIR-HLA compound profiles ID2 may be a risk factor for CML (OR=2.163, 95%CI 1.198-3.906, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONAbove analysis has identified certain protective and risk factors for CML from the KIR-HLA system, which may provide a clue for the pathogenesis of leukemia and development of individualized immune therapy.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; ethnology ; genetics ; Genotyping Techniques ; HLA Antigens ; genetics ; HLA-A Antigens ; genetics ; HLA-B Antigens ; genetics ; HLA-C Antigens ; genetics ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; ethnology ; genetics ; Odds Ratio ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Isoforms ; genetics ; Receptors, KIR ; genetics ; Risk Factors

No abstract available.
Bone Marrow/pathology ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/*genetics ; DNA/metabolism ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Karyotyping ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/*genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Translocation, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo study the signal patterns of dual color dual fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization (DCDF-FISH) for detection of genetic abnormality in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and their diagnostic value and clinical application.

METHODSThe clinical data of 68 ALL patients confirmed in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively; The bone marrow samples were detected by DCDF-FISH, flow cytometry, conventional cytogenetics (CCG), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the correlation of these results was compared. And the reaction of patients to treatment was dynamically observed by DCDF-FISH.

RESULTSSixteen signal patterns were found in DCDF-FISH, including 14 kinds of atypical signal patterns (signal patterns of 1R2G, 2R3G, 2R4G and 3R3G as abnormal signal patterns without BCR/ABL fusion gene. Signal patterns of 1R1G1F, 1R1G3F, 1R1G4F, 1R2G1F, 1R2G2F, 1R2G3F, 1RnG2F (n ≥ 3), 2R2G1F, 1G4F, 1R4F corresponded to t (9;22) karyotype). Ph(+) ALL patients accounted for 17. All cases with Ph chromosome or BCR/ABL positive were B-ALL or My(+)-B-ALL. The Ph chromosome was detected in 12 cases (positive rate was 18%) by CCG. The positive rate was 25% (17/68) by DCDF-FISH and RT-PCR. The DCDF-FISH fluorescence pattern change before and after chemotherapy of the patients showed that the quantity and form of the signal pattern was changed after chemotherapy, and the common characteristics was the Ph chromosome in patients.

CONCLUSIONThe DCDF-FISH is a sensitive and reliable method for the detection of BCR/ABL rearrangement. Analyzing the dynamical change of DCDF-FISH signal patterns has been comfirmed to have a important guiding significance in the diagnosis, and anlysis of response to therapy, drug resistance and the prognosis of ALL patients.

Bone Marrow ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl ; genetics ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Karyotyping ; Philadelphia Chromosome ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

No abstract available.
Aged ; Base Sequence ; Bone Marrow/metabolism/pathology ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*genetics ; Gene Duplication ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis/*genetics ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics ; Philadelphia Chromosome ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/*genetics

The genetic variant rs16754 of Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) has recently been described as an independent prognostic factor in AML patients. It is of great interest to test whether WT1 single nucleotide polymorphism can be used as a molecular marker in other types of cancer, to improve risk and treatment stratification. We performed sequencing analysis of exons 7 and 9 of WT1, which are known mutational hotspots, in a total of 73 patients with BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) and 93 healthy controls. No previously reported WT1 mutations were identified in the present study. In Korean patients with BCR-ABL1-negative MPN, WT1 genetic variant rs16754 had no significant impact on clinical outcomes. We observed a significant difference in the allelic frequencies of WT1 rs16754 in Koreans between BCR-ABL1-negative MPN cases and healthy controls. Individuals carrying variant G alleles of WT1 rs16754 showed a relatively low prevalence of BCR-ABL1-negative MPN, compared with those carrying wild A alleles of WT1 rs16754 (Hazard ratio 0.10-0.65, P<0.05). Therefore, possession of the variant G allele of WT1 rs16754 may reduce the risk of developing BCR-ABL1-negative MPN.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Exons ; Female ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myeloproliferative Disorders/*genetics/pathology ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Republic of Korea ; Risk ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; WT1 Proteins/*genetics ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo identify IKZF1 gene copy number abnormalities in BCR/ABL-negative B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in children, and to investigate the association between such abnormalities and prognosis.

METHODSMultiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was applied to detect IKZF1 gene copy number abnormalities in 180 children diagnosed with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL. These children were classified into IKZF1 deletion group and IKZF1 normal group according to the presence or absence of IKZF1 gene deletion. The association between IKZF1 copy number abnormalities and prognosis of children with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL was analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSAmong 180 children, 27 (15.0%) had IKZF1 deletion; among the 27 children, 4 had complete deletions of 8 exons of IKZF1 gene, 17 had deletion of exon 1, 3 had deletions of exons 4-7, and 3 children had deletions of exons 2-7. Compared with those in the IKZF1 normal group, children in the IKZF1 deletion group had higher white blood cell (WBC) count and percentage of individuals with high risk of minimal residual disease at the first visit. IKZF1 deletions often occurred in BCR/ABL-negative children with no special fusion gene abnormalities. They were frequently accompanied by abnormalities in chromosomes 11, 8, 5, 7, and 21. The analysis with Kaplan-Meier method showed that disease-free survival (DFS) in the IKZF1 deletion group was significantly lower than that in the IKZF1 normal group (0.740 ± 0.096 vs 0.905 ± 0.034; P=0.002). Cox analysis showed that after exclusion of sex, age, initial WBC count, cerebrospinal fluid state at the first visit, prednisone response, and chromosome karyotype, IKZF1 deletion still affected the children's DFS (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSSome children with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL have IKZF1 deletion, and IKZF1 deletion is an independent risk factor for DFS in children with BCR/ABL-negative B-ALL.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl ; analysis ; Gene Dosage ; Humans ; Ikaros Transcription Factor ; genetics ; Infant ; Male ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; genetics ; mortality ; Prognosis