Objective To optimize the preparation process of Swertia patens,Burk.standard decoction and establish its quality standard by using the quality by design(QbD)concept.Methods Critical Quality Attributes(CQAs)were predicted and analyzed according to the quality marker(Q-marker)theory of traditional Chinese medicine;Failure mode and effects analysis(FMEA)was used to screen critical process parameters(CPPs);The measurement method of key quality attributes was established;The extraction process was optimized by Box Behnken test after the preliminary range was determined according to the single factor test;The entropy method was used for comprehensive scoring;The design space was established and the optimal operation space for process validation was selected;Standard decoction of Swertia patens Burk in fifteen batches with different habitats were prepared with the best technology,and the quality standards for the extraction rate,extract,thin layer chromatography,fingerprint,content,and the content transfer rate were established finally.Results The key quality attributes were swertiamarin content,gentiopicrin content,and paste yield;The key process parameters were soaking time,water amount,and decocting time;The established model had statistical significance;The optimum conditions were as follows:soaking time 90 min,adding water 15 times,decocting time 30 min(second decocting 20 min);The paste yield was 21.13％-30.73％;The extract was 82.00％-88.00％;The spot of swertiamarin was clear in TLC;The similarity between each samples in 15 batches and reference atlas were＞0.85％;The content of swertiamarin was 250.64-385.21 mg·g-1,and the transfer rate was 43.76％-77.73％;The content of gentiopicrin was 0.69-2.70 mg·g-1,and the transfer rate was 56.02％-105.29％.Conclusion Based on the above methods and techniques,the preparation process of Swertia patens Burk.The standard decoction was screened,which provides a reference for the preparation development and quality control of its formula granules.

Dachaihu Decoction is a classical Chinese herbal prescription that is effective in harmonizing lesser yang and purging internal accumulated heat. At present, it has been widely used in clinical practice, and the resulting outcomes are satisfactory. However, its quality indicators and action mechanism are still not clear. Therefore, this paper explored the efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction and its action mechanism based on literature mining, molecular biology, and network pharmacology, so as to better control its quality and ensure its clinical efficacy. The efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction were predicted and analyzed according to the "five principles" for Q-markers of Chinese herbs. Then the anti-inflammatory activity of the efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction was evaluated with Griess reagent after the establishment of RAW264.7 cell inflammation model in vitro with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The potential targets of efficacy markers were predicted by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP), ChEMBL, and SwissTargetPrediction, followed by the construction of the protein-protein interaction(PPI) network of the efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction. Topological, GO, and KEGG enrichment analysis was carried out to construct the "key target-signaling pathway-biological process" network, thus elucidating the action mechanism of the efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction. Saikosaponin B_2, baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside, neohesperidin, naringin, hesperidin, and paeoniflorin were considered as the potential efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction. The anti-inflammatory activity evaluation showed that the potential efficacy markers effectively inhibited the release of NO, exhibiting good anti-inflammatory activities. As demonstrated by network pharmacology, the efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction regulated the inflammatory response by acting on MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, the carbohydrate metabolism by HIF-1 and PI3 K-AKT signaling pathways, and the lipid metabolism by AMPK and PI3 K-AKT signaling pathways. This study discovered the efficacy markers of Dachaihu Decoction based on literature mining combined with molecular biological experiments and explored its action mechanism at the molecular level based on network pharmacology, which would provide reference for the quality control of Dachaihu Decoction and scientific basis for its clinical application.
Biomarkers ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Signal Transduction

Da Chaihu decoction is a classic prescription for the treatment of cholecystitis that is widely used in clinical practice, and has a definite curative effect. However, due to its diverse components and complex functions, the traditional indexes fail to capture its overall efficacy. Therefore, this study analyzed and predicted the quality markers (Q-markers) of Da Chaihu decoction based on specific chromatogram and network pharmacology to provide a reference for the comprehensive control of the quality. The study obtained 35 potential practical components of Da Chaihu decoction through virtual screening. The specific chromatogram of 15 batches of Da Chaihu decoction was established by HPLC-DAD with neohesperidin as a reference. Compared with the chromatographic peaks and the reference substance, the chemical components were assigned to predict the nine components of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, baicalin, wogonoside, saikosaponin b₂, saikosaponin b₁ as Q-markers of Da Chaihu decoction. Finally, the network of the "components-key targets-signal pathways-biological processes" was constructed by network pharmacology to explore the mechanism of Da Chaihu decoction in treating cholecystitis to clarify the accuracy of Q-markers. The results indicated that potential Q-markers could act on multiple targets to regulate inflammatory and metabolism, and then combine to treat cholecystitis. Q-markers could combine with the pharmacologic action of Da Chaihu decoction, which could elucidate the overall efficacy of Da Chaihu decoction. This study explored the Q-markers of Da Chaihu decoction combined with the specific chromatogram and network pharmacology, which provided a basis for the quality control and evaluation of Da Chaihu decoction.

Objective To investigate the genetic carrier rate of thalassemia and its gene mutation types as well as the distribution characteristics among couples of reproductive age in Dongfang City of Hainan Province,and to provide a basis for making prevention and control strategies against thalassemia.Methods Samples were collected from 1 000 couples undergoing premarital and pregestational screenings for thalassemia in Dongfang City of Hainan Province from September 2012 to March 2013,in which the positive ones in preliminary screening were further tested by genetic diagnoses and the genotypes were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among 1 000 couples,322 spouses were diagnosed with thalassemia gene mutation and the carrying rate was 16.10％ (322/2 000).In those carriers,246 spouses were α-thalassemia and the carrying rate was 12.30％ (246/2 000),accounting for 76.40％(246/322) of all thalassemia carriers,among them,there were 197 cases of α-deficiency genotype,accounting for 61.18％ (197/322),32 carried mutated α-gene,accounting for 9.94％ (32/322),17 carried both deleted and mutated α-gene,accounting for 5.28％ (17/322);43 spouse were β-thalassemia and the carrying rate was 2.15％(43/2 000);33 spouse were both α-and β-thalassemia and the carrying rate was 1.65％ (33/2 000).In spouses diagnosed with α-thalassemia,the major genotype was-α37/αα,accounting for 19.25％ (62/322);the second ranked was-α4.2/αα,accounting for 17.70％ (57/322),and the third ranked was--SEA/αα,accounting for 8.70％ (28/322).In spouses diagnosed with β-thalassemia,the major genotype was CD41-42/N,accounting for 9.63％ (31/322).Conclusions The population carrying rate of thalassemia in Dongfang City of Hainan Province is high,and its major type is α-thalassemia.For the purpose of decreasing the birth rate of thalassemia,major,local public health department should attach great importance to thalassemia prevention,and strengthen premarital and pregestational screening for thalassemia.

As an important reference index to evaluate the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, the commodity specification and grade of traditional Chinese medicine has an effect on the medicinal material's price, can promote "high quality and high price" of the traditional Chinese medicine, prompt market transactions more convenient and standard, and has a great significance to the development of the whole traditional Chinese medicine industry. The formation of traditional Chinese medicine specifications and grades experienced a long historical development process. In order to provide the reference for modification of the product specifications and grades standards and management of traditional Chinese medicine products, the author consulted a large number of materia medica books and related references, sorted and analyzed the historical development process. The author divided the formation and development process into four stages, including germination stage before the Southern and Northern Dynasties, development stage of Tang and Song Dynasty, mature period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the inheritance development stage since the foundation of the People's Republic. The author believes that the clinical curative effect is the driving force to promote the development of commodity specifications and grades. In addition, the national pharmaceutical policy, international status, the level of science and technology also influence the development of commodity specifications and grades in some extents. Finally, the author provides three piece of suggestions for the modification of the product specifications and grades standards, according to the historical development rule.

Objective To establish a reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction ( RT-nPCR ) assay for detection of tree shrews orthoreovirus (TRV).Methods Three strains of TRV were respectively isolated from fresh feces of three tree shrews that came from the same field at different times .We designed and synthesized two pairs of MRV L1 gene nested primers and established the system of RT-nPCR.The TRV RNA was extracted and reversely transcribed to cDNA as a template for nested-PCR amplification.The developed RT-nPCR was optimized.The specificity and sensitivity were tested.Finally, the RT-nPCR was used to detect TRV in 25 tree shrew samples.Results Taking the genomic RNA of TRV as template, the RT-nPCR was able to amplify a specific fragment band targeting the L 1 gene, while there were no target bands in the normal cell control , ( Wa strain rotavirus , hepatitis A virus , and herpes simplex virus ) .The RNA of TRV was diluted by 1:10 to 1:109 .Each dilution sample was analyzed by the RT-nPCR.The minimum detectable concentration of RNA was 0.01 pg/μL.The results of RT-nPCR detection showed that 4 of the 15 tree shrews were TRV-positive in the survival group , and 10 of 10 tree shrews were TRV-positive in the death group . Conclusions The RT-nRCR assay established in this study is accurate , specific and sensitive .Therefore, it can be used for routine detection of TRV in quality assurance testing .

Objective To understand the histological characteristics of the major endocrine organs of tree shrew , and provide a normal histological atlas of endocrine organs of tree shrew .Methods Ten artificially fed healthy tree shrews were killed and dissected after anesthesia .The thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands were observed by gross inspection and samples were taken for routine histological examination with HE staining .Results ( 1 ) The thyroid gland was pale yellow, located on both sides of the 2-4 tracheal rings.The thyroid gland was plate-shaped, its surface was covered with a thin fibrous capsule . The thyroid parenchyma was divided into several lobules by stretched capsule membrane .Follicular and parafollicular cells were distributed in the lobules , and red colloid was present in follicular cavity.(2) Each side had one parathyroid , located on the cranial or the outer surface of the middle part of the thyroid gland, and was slightly covered by thyroid .The gland was round or oval , and its parenchyma was made up of the principal cells and eosinophil cells , and acinar structure appeared in the parenchyma .( 3 ) The adrenal glands were oval , yellow color, located in the renal hili , and linked to the kidneys .They were surrounded by a thin capsule .The parenchyma was divided into cortex and medulla .The cortex was divided into zona glomerulosa , zona fasciculata and zona reticularis from outside to inside.The zona glomerulosa was the thickest layer and the zona fasciculata was the thinnest .The medulla cells formed clumps or mesh, with central vein in the central part .(4) The pituitary gland was located in the sella turcica , with no recessus hypophysis .The pituitary gland was composed of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis .Its surface was covered with a connective tissue capsule .The pituitary gland was divided into distal part , middle part and pars tuberalis . neurohypophysis was made up of neural and pars infundibularis .Conclusions The histological atlas of endocrine organs in the tree shrew is established , which is close to that of the primate animals in the morphology , and provide histological evidence for the study of tree shrew endocrine organs and disorders , as well as the animal model of human diseases .

Tree shrews get more and more concerns due to many of its physiological , biochemical and anatomical characteristics similar to those of human beings .Therefore, tree shrews models of human diseases such as viral diseases , neurological diseases and tumors attract more and more attention of researchers .In this article we will review the recent ad-vances in application of tree shrew models in research on human viral diseases .

With introduction of current main methods for heart fluid mechanics researches, we studied the characteristics and weakness for three primary analysis methods based on magnetic resonance imaging, color Doppler ultrasound and grayscale ultrasound image, respectively. It is pointed out that particle image velocity (PIV), speckle tracking and block match have the same nature, and three algorithms all adopt block correlation. The further analysis shows that, with the development of information technology and sensor, the research for cardiac function and fluid mechanics will focus on energy transfer process of heart fluid, characteristics of Chamber wall related to blood fluid and Fluid-structure interaction in the future heart fluid mechanics fields.
Algorithms ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Heart ; physiology ; Humans ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Ultrasonography, Doppler

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) reserving anterior lobe of the prostate .Methods A total of 736 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH ) patients from Guizhou Aerospace Hospital were averagely randomly divided into the observation group and control group .Control group was treated with traditional TURP with the anterior lobe reseated ;while observation group was treated with the similar method to the control group ,but retained the anterior lobe .The clinical therapeutic effects and postoperative complications were observed .Results The maximum flow rate ,re-sidual urine volume and the international prostate symptom score in observation group did not show any statistical significance com -pared with that in control group after surgery (P> 0 .05) .The prevalence rate of temporary incontinence in observation group (1 .09% ) was lower than that in control group(5 .16% ) ,with significant difference(P<0 .05) .The prevalence rate of permanent incontinence in observation group(0 .27% ) was similar to that in control the group(0 .54% ) ,with no significant difference(P>0 .05) .Conclusion TURP reserving the anterior lobe can effectively reduce the incidence of temporary urinary incontinence ,there-fore ,this method could be spread in the clinical practice .