Background: The Philippines is among the countries with the fastest growth rate of HIV cases in the Asia-Pacific Region. HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination are recognized as major barriers, directly and indirectly inflicting harm to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Despite this, there is a lack of studies regarding HIV/AIDS discrimination in the Philippines. This study aimed to assess the association between comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS and discriminatory attitudes towards PLWHA among women in the Philippines. Methodology: Secondary data analysis was done using the Philippine National Demographic Health Survey (2017). Twenty two thousand eight hundred thirteen (22,813) Filipino women aged 15-49 years old were included in this study. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the association between comprehensive knowledge and discriminatory attitudes. The final model was built using the change in estimate criterion and sampling weights were applied. Results: More than 3 out of 4 (76.87%) had discriminatory attitudes towards PLWHA, whereas only 1 out of 4 (26.24%) had comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS. Results of multiple logistic regression reveal that women without comprehensive knowledge are 2.53 times more likely to have discriminatory attitudes towards PLWHA (OR= 2.53, 95% CI =2.26-2.84). Conclusion Given that women without comprehensive knowledge are more likely to have discriminatory attitudes, HIV/AIDS campaigns may be strengthened by integrating necessary concepts in comprehensive sexual education and conducting more active nationwide information and education campaign efforts. Moreover, there is a need to formally evaluate the overall effectiveness of existing interventions.
HIV ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Sex education

Introduction: For the past decades, issues on Population Control have been raised. The Philippine government has been addressing these issues for quite some time. However, on the other end of the spectrum on population control, the end users have seldom been asked, understood and talked about. Objective: The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Catharsis-Education-Action (CEA) Method with Family Planning Education in improving the uptake of artificial contraceptive use compared to Family Planning Education alone among women of reproductive age. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in a primary health center in Batangas City among 176 women of reproductive age with unmet need in family planning. Participants were randomized into either CEA counseling with Family Planning Education (intervention group) and Family Planning Education alone (control group). CEA was conducted individually with the study participants in the intervention group, following a Family Planning Education lecture provided by a midwife trained to disseminate information on family planning methods. The control group received Family Planning Education lecture alone. Outcomes were determined one month after using a Follow-up Questionnaire. Categorical variables were expressed in frequency and percentage. Chi square was used to compare the utilization rate of artificial contraceptive use between the two groups. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar except for the participants’ age (p-value 0.025). There was statistically significant difference in the uptake of artificial family planning method between the CEA group and control group (43% vs 27%; p-value 0.014 Conclusion Catharsis-Education-Action (CEA) Method as adjunct to Family Planning Education is effective in improving the uptake of artificial contraceptive use among women of reproductive age. Utilizing CEA will strengthen existing primary healthcare services and establish a reproductive health plan that will enhance the overall health and well-being of women, their families and the community.
Family Planning Services ; Contraceptive Agents ; Sex Education

Background: Unmet need points to the gap between reproductive intentions and contraceptive behavior. This cross sectional study aims at determining the demographic, socioeconomic and other factors underlying the unmet need for contraception among postpartum women. Method: A face-to-face interview was conducted to among postpartum women admitted in a tertiary hospital and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significant predictors of unmet need for family planning. Descriptive analysis on their contraceptive use was also determined. Results: After controlling for other respondents’ characteristics, the results indicate that the total unmet need was associated with younger women, those who were in the age range 20-30 years old during their first pregnancy and religion is Roman Catholic. The most significant association was shown in those whose partners disapprove the use of family planning. Majority have heard of contraception but are not using any method. The major sources of contraceptives and contraceptive information on family planning are still the public health sector. Most have contraceptive plans and they prefer oral pills and implants. Conclusion Unmet need for family planning is associated with partner’s approval. With low family planning utilization among postpartum women, future programs on family planning should focus on these problems.
Female ; Family Planning Services ; Sex Education ; Postpartum Period

To understand the family sex education for young children in rural areas of Sichuan province and analyze the influencing factors. A multi-stage random sampling method was used to select 2246 parents of kindergarten children from rural areas in Sichuan province for a questionnaire-based survey.The Chi-square test and Logistic regression model were used for data analysis. It was found 1132(52.33%)parents had implemented family sex education for young children and 1031(47.67%)had not.Young children having asked sex-related questions(=1.536,95%=1.257-1.878),parents thinking that early childhood sex education is necessary(=3.691,95%=2.029-6.717),and parents having the intention to know early childhood sex education(=1.700,95%=1.274-2.269),and kindergarten having implemented early childhood sex education(=3.316,95%=2.515-4.372)were promoting factors for parents to conduct early childhood sex education,whereas a total annual household income at the middle level(=0.664,95%=0.456-0.968)was a hindering factor for parents to conduct early childhood sex education. Parents of young children in rural areas of Sichuan province have poor awareness of sex education,and the proportion of parents who have never conducted sex education for children is high.The total annual income of the family,whether the children have asked about sex-related questions,parents' attitude towards early childhood sex education,and whether the kindergarten has conducted the early childhood sex education are important factors that influence the level of children's family sex education.
Child ; China ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Parents ; Sex Education ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study sought to investigate influence factors affecting reproductive health promoting behavior of female college students. METHODS: The study collected data using self-administered questionnaires among 166 female students at four universities located at a metropolitan city. And using SPSS 21.0 program, the study conducted analysis by means of technical statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The level of reproductive health promoting behavior of female college students was 3.3±0.3 points on average. Reproductive health promoting behavior had a significant variance depending on age (F=4.70, p=0.045). Reproductive health promoting behavior had positive correlations with sex knowledge (r=0.24, p=0.040), intention to visit an obstetrics-gynecology (r=0.18, p=0.020), awareness of visit thereto (r=0.32, p<.001). Influence factors emerged in the order of awareness of visit to an obstetrics-gynecology (β=0.30, p<.001), intention to visit (β=0.16, p=0.036) with explanatory power of 12.2% (F=6.73, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: To improve reproductive health promoting behavior of female college students needs to develop and apply sex education programs.
Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Reproductive Health ; Sex Education

OBJECTIVE: This study attempts to gauge the necessity of contraceptive education for women defecting from North Korea (NKDWs). METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with six NKDWs who had lived in the Republic of Korea (ROK) for more than three years, to understand the subjects' perceptions, experiences, and opinions regarding contraception. Thematic analyses were performed using qualitative data provided in the survey results. RESULTS: Before their defections from North Korea, none of the NKDWs had received any sex education. Loop is the only contraceptive method available to married women in ROK. After defection, NKDWs were provided information about contraceptive options available in China, but they could not fully understand this information. Furthermore, the information they received was not accurate. Thus, NKDWs had a high need for contraceptive sex education. As per our survey, their preferred education method was at least 3 lessons plus 1 : 1 counseling, as necessary. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that a necessity exists for development of a sex education program for NKDWs to enhance their contraceptive knowledge. Thus, government and health managers have a role to play in developing such a program.
China ; Contraception ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Counseling ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Methods ; Republic of Korea ; Sex Education ; Women's Health

No abstract available.
Personal Autonomy ; Sex Education

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to understand sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and the perceptions and actualities of sex education among parents of elementary school children. METHODS: This is a descriptive study with a sample size of 337. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis, including descriptive analyses, the t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: More than 50% of the participants responded that primary sex education for young children should be the responsibility of the parents and that education should be stared during the elementary school period. A moderate correlation was found between parents' sexual knowledge and sexual attitudes (r=.44). Most parents were afraid to provide sex education because of their unfamiliarity with teaching methods and their lack of knowledge. However, 50 of the parents wanted to receive sex-related education. CONCLUSION: We found that parents would like to learn more about sex education from expert lectures or professional organizations. They were interested in topics including the sexual structure of males/females and sexual physiology. Open communication between parents and their children regarding sex-related issues is important. It is crucial to provide accurate and up-to-date sex education information to parents so that they can effectively teach their children at home.
Child ; Education ; Humans ; Lectures ; Parents ; Physiology ; Sample Size ; Sex Education ; Societies ; Statistics as Topic ; Teaching

OBJECTIVES: Injection laryngoplasty (IL) is one of the major options for treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). Early IL in patients with abrupt-onset UVFP can reduce hoarseness and aspiration-related discomfort and complications. Temporary or short-lasting materials are recommended for the early IL since permanent or long-lasting materials may negatively affect the voice quality when vocal fold motion is spontaneously recovered. METHODS: Patients who received IL with a long-lasting material (ArteSense) within 1 month following development of postoperative UVFP were enrolled for this study. They were categorized into a spontaneously recovered group (n=30) and unrecovered group (n=276) from UVFP. The subjective and objective voice parameters were collected before and 6 months after IL. Patients' demographics and collected voice parameters were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Age and sex distributions were not different between the two groups. Aspiration symptom, maximum phonation time (MPT), jitter, shimmer, noise to harmonic ratio (NHR), overall grade (G) and breathiness (B) of GRBAS (grade of dysphonia, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain) scale score, and voice handicap index (VHI) were significantly improved after IL in both groups. The amounts of improvement in MPT, jitter, shimmer, NHR and VHI were significantly greater in the recovered group. There was no IL-related complication including granuloma formation, hypersensitivity to injection material, or worsening of hoarseness. CONCLUSION: Early IL with a long-lasting material can be safely performed to improve voice quality and to reduce aspiration episode for the patients with postoperative UVFP, regardless of recovery from the paralysis. The amounts of improvement in the subjective and objective voice parameters were significantly greater in patients who showed spontaneous recovery from UVFP when compared with those in patients who did not.
Asthenia ; Demography ; Dysphonia ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Granuloma ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Laryngoplasty ; Noise ; Paralysis ; Phonation ; Sex Distribution ; Vocal Cords ; Voice ; Voice Quality

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sexual knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction of sex education in university freshman. METHODS: The participants were 275 freshman students under the age of 20 years old. Data were collected in 2017 using a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: The average scores of participants' sexual knowledge, attitude, and satisfaction of sex education were 24.22±4.94 out of 38 points, 90.81±15.86 out of 168 points, and 11.05±3.08 out of 20 points, respectively. With respect to the demographic characteristics, there were statically significant differences in sexual knowledge according to chances of relationship engagement (F=6.19, p=.002) and residence type (F=3.67, p=.013). Both sexual attitudes and satisfaction of sex education showed significant differences by major (t=3.20, p=.002; t=2.65, p=.009), types of high school (F=3.39, p=.019; F=3.53, p=.015), and interest in previous sex education during teenage years (F=2.88, p=.015; F=6.22, p<.001). Sexual knowledge showed a statistically significant correlation with attitudes (r=.153, p=.011). CONCLUSION: There is insufficient sex information available for college students. It is necessary in the future to develop sex education programs that are matched to college students' needs.
Education ; Humans ; Sex Education ; Sexuality