OBJECTIVES: Health workers are at risk of workplace violence, which can seriously affects their mental health and work status. This study aims to explore the mediating role of depression between workplace violence and job burnout among healthcare workers. METHODS: From January 10 to February 5, 2019, a questionnaire was distributed to frontline healthcare workers through the wenjuanxing platform using convenient sampling (snowball sampling). The questionnaire included the Chinese version of the Workplace Violence Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-2). Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and mediation model tests were conducted on the cross-sectional data collection. RESULTS: The study included 3 684 participants, with (31.63±7.69) years old. Among them 2 079(56.43%) were experienced workplace violence, 687(18.65%) were screened positive for depression, and 2 247(60.99%) were experienced high levels of occupational burnout. Correlation analysis showed positive association between workplace violence and depression, workplace violence and occupational burnout, depression and occupational burnout (r=0.135, r=0.107, r=0.335, respectively, all P<0.001). After controlling for covariates, workplace violence had an indirect effect on occupational burnout through depression, with a standardized coefficient of 0.25 (SE=0.02, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.28), accounting for 13.87% of the total effect. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the close relationship between workplace violence, depression, and occupational burnout among healthcare workers, with depression acting as a mediator between workplace violence and occupational burnout. This study suggests that it is necessary to improve the communication skills of healthcare workers, increase the installation of security systems and emergency plans, use new media platforms to convey positive energy between doctors and patients, and open channels for medical consultation and complaints. It is also necessary to provide guidance for healthcare workers' depressive emotions. Addressing depression among health care workers will help reduce the harm caused by workplace violence, protect the physical and mental health of healthcare workers, and reduce work burnout.
Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Burnout, Professional ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression/epidemiology* ; Workplace Violence ; Burnout, Psychological ; Health Personnel

Objective: To explore the influence mechanism of intrusive thoughts and ego depletion between effects of workplace violence on burnout sense in clinical nurses. Methods: In May 2019, 10 cities in Henan Province and Fujian Province were selected as sampling cities by the method of grabbing random balls. Using the stratified cluster sampling method, nurses in clinical nursing posts in 22 third class hospitals and 23 second class hospitals were selected as the research objects for a cross-sectional epidemiological survey, including 1200 nurses. A total of 1159 valid questionnaires were collected, and the effective rate was 96.6%. 1159 clinical nurses were investigated by workplace violence scale, event impact scale, self-regulation fatigue scale and job burnout scale. The items contained in the questionnaire were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis with Harman single factor test, and the demographic characteristics of nurses' workplace violence, invasive thinking, self loss and job burnout were compared and analyzed with s-n-k. Results: Those with less than 3 years of service, those with more than 3 years of aggressive thinking and self loss score, and those with less than 3 years of job burnout score; The score of job burnout of unmarried was lower than that of married; The scores of invasive thinking and self loss of non editors were higher than those of current editors; The scores of workplace violence, aggressive thinking, self loss and job burnout of clinical nurses in tertiary hospitals were higher than those in secondary hospitals; The score of job burnout of undergraduate and above is higher than that of junior college and below; The scores of workplace violence, aggressive thinking and self loss of clinical nurses in surgical departments were higher than those in non-surgical departments; The job burnout score of those aged 36 and above was higher than that of those aged <36, The difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05) . Aggressive thinking and self attrition played a mediating role between workplace violence and job burnout. Workplace violence affected job burnout through the single mediating role of aggressive thinking, the single mediating role of self attrition, and the chain mediating role of aggressive thinking self attrition (β=0.16、0.08、0.03, 95%CI: 0.251~0.190、0.121~0.028、0.050~0.012, P<0.05) . Conclusion: Workplace violence affects burnout sense through the independent mediating role of intrusive thoughts and ego depletion and the chain mediating role of intrusive thoughts and ego depletion in clinical nurses.
Adult ; Aged ; Burnout, Professional ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Nurses ; Personnel Turnover ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workplace ; Workplace Violence

Aged ; Anxiety ; Health Status ; Humans ; Nurses ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology* ; Workplace Violence

OBJECTIVES: Research on workplace violence has been conducted, but rarely has been organized systematically. In this study, we summarize the definition and classification of workplace violence studies and review the literature on workplace violence. METHODS: Using academic search engines PubMed, Google Scholar and DBpia, we found 856 papers including “workplace violence” and “adverse social behavior” AND workplace in the title published until December 2018, and 208 papers were selected. The selected papers were classified by continent and country, year of publication, occupation, classification criteria of workplace violence, and research topic. RESULTS: By country, the number of articles in the United States was the most with 40 (19.2%), followed by China 27 (13%), Korea 16 (7.7%), and Taiwan and Australia 15 (7.2%). By job category, healthcare workers accounted for the largest portion with 162 (79.0%) of the total, and 80 of them were conducted on nurses. Other occupations included civil servants, manufacturing workers, toll collectors and wageworkers. Among the classification methods of workplace violence, 147 (67.4%) articles were classified as type and there was a difference in the type of violence defined for each article. In the research topic, 114 (44.2%) articles analyzed the effects of workplace violence, and 105 (40.7%) articles describe the prevalence and characteristics of workplace violence, and 23 (8.9%) articles analyzing the causes of violence. CONCLUSION: The research topic is biased toward the field of healthcare, so it is necessary to expand to include various occupations or other specified occupations. It is also necessary to prepare appropriate measures against workplace violence.
Australia ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; China ; Classification ; Delivery of Health Care ; Exposure to Violence ; Korea ; Occupations ; Prevalence ; Publications ; Search Engine ; Taiwan ; United States ; Violence ; Workplace Violence

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence is the intentional use of power, threatened or actual, against another person or against a group, in work-related circumstances, that either results in or has a high degree of likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation. The aim of this study is to assess magnitude and predictors of workplace violence among healthcare workers in health facilities of Gondar city. METHODS: Institutional based cross sectional study design was employed to conduct this study. The study conducted in Gondar town from February 21 to march 21, 2016. Five hundred fifty three health care workers selected from health facilities of Gondar City administration. A stratified sampling technique was used for selecting the study subjects through simple random sampling. Data was collected by structured self administered questionnaire which is adapted from ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI after it is pretested & prepared in Amharic. The data was coded and entered in to EPI info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 software for analysis. The degree of association for variables was assessed using odds ratios with 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of workplace violence was found to be 58.2% with [95% confidence interval (CI): (53.7, 62.3)] in which verbal abuse 282(53.1%) followed by physical attack 117(22.0%) and 38(7.2%) sexual harassment. Working at emergency departments [AOR = 3.99,95% CI:(1.49,10.73)], working at shifts [AOR = 1.98,95%, CI: (1.28,3.03)],short experiences [AOR = 3.09,95% CI: (1.20,7.98)], being nurse or midwife [AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: (1.20,13.74)] were positively associated with workplace violence. The main sources of violence are visitors/patient relatives followed by colleagues and patients. CONCLUSION: workplace violence is major public health problem across health facilities and the Ministry of Health should incorporate interventions in its different health sector development & management safety initiative.
Delivery of Health Care ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Ethiopia ; Health Facilities ; Humans ; Midwifery ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Sexual Harassment ; Violence ; Workplace Violence

OBJECTIVES: This study conducted to investigate work-related factors in relation to smoking among women working in call centers in Gwangju, South Korea. METHODS: From 56 call centers (7320 employees), we selected 10 and conducted a survey using a structured questionnaire by randomly selecting 10% of workers from each center. A total of 387 subjects participated in this survey We analyzed for 375 respondents, after excluding men and those with missing responses. We analyzed the relationships of work-related factors such as emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period with smoking, using multiple logistic regression analysis. Emotional labor and workplace violence were measured using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS). RESULTS: The prevalence of current smoking among call center female workers was 13.6%. Univariate analysis showed that “Emotional disharmony and hurt”, “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and co-workers” among items of K-ELS and K-WVS, working hours, annual salary correlated with smoking. After adjusting for emotional labor, workplace violence, employment type, annual salary, working hours, employment period, and age, only working hours show a significant association with smoking. Women who worked 40–49 h had 3.50 times (95% CI = 1.04–11.80) and worked more than 50 h had 8.68 times (95% CI = 1.89–39.78) greater odds of smoking as compared with women who worked less than 40 h. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking was associated with working hours among female workers in call center. However, emotional labor and workplace violence did not show significant relationships with smoking.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Employment ; Female ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Prevalence ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Sex Offenses ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workplace Violence

OBJECTIVE: The most existing research has predominantly focused on city rather than township hospitals. This study aimed to explore depressive symptoms and its associated factors among general practitioners and nurses in Chinese township hospitals.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Liaoning, China in 2016. 2,000 general practitioners and nurses in Chinese township hospitals were recruited and 1,736 of them became final subjects (effective response rate: 86.8%). Data on depressive symptoms, workplace violence (WPV), psychological capital (PsyCap), and demographic factors were collected through questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to explore the factors related to depressive symptoms. Asymptotic and resampling strategies were applied to examine the potential mediating effect of PsyCap.RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among the participants was 49.9%. Workplace violence was positively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas psychological capital and its components of hope, optimism and resilience were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Psychological capital and its components of hope, optimism and resilience all played partial mediating roles between workplace violence and depressive symptoms.CONCLUSION: Nearly half of general practitioners and nurses surveyed suffered from depressive symptoms. Reduction of workplace violence and development of psychological capital can be targeted for interventions to combat depressive symptoms.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demography ; Depression ; General Practitioners ; Hope ; Humans ; Negotiating ; Optimism ; Prevalence ; Workplace Violence

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the incidence of workplace violence (WPV) in an emergency department (ED), and its influence on ED workers' mental health. METHODS: A cross-sectional, anonymous survey was conducted on ED workers employed in a local emergency medical center during August 2018. The survey respondents' data on the demographic characteristics, WPV episode, Korean-translated Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument (BEPSI-K), stress questionnaire for Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were obtained. The results of the stress (BEPSI-K, KNHANES) and depression (PHQ-9) score were compared with the WPV experience of ED workers. RESULTS: A total of 104 of 120 ED workers (86.7%) were exposed to WPV. ED workers that experienced physical violence within the past year had higher KNHANES, BEPSI-K, and PHQ-9 than the workers, who did not experience such violence (P≤0.001). In addition, this survey demonstrated that a physical violence episode within the past year was associated with above moderate depression (P≤0.001; odds ratio, 19.597). CONCLUSION: Recent physical violence can cause psychiatric disorders in ED workers, such as depression or stress disorder. Therefore, policies are needed to prevent WPV in ED and support ED workers who have experienced WPV.
Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Depression ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mental Health ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Physical Abuse ; Violence ; Workplace Violence

BACKGROUND: In modern society, the scale of the service industry is continuously expanding, and the number of service workers is increasing. Correspondingly, physical and mental problems related to emotional labor are becoming a major social problem. In this study, we investigated the relationship between emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female bank employees, which is a typical service industry. METHODS: In this study, the Korean Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) and Korean Workplace Violence Scale (K-WVS) were distributed to 381 female workers in their 20s at a bank in Seoul, Korea. Data were obtained from 289 subjects (75.9%) and analyzed for 278 respondents, after excluding those with missing responses. We examined the relationship between emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms, using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 278 subjects, 27 workers (9.7%) had depressive symptoms. “Emotional disharmony and hurt” (OR 2.93, 95% CI = 1.17–7.36) and “Organizational surveillance and monitoring” (OR 3.18, 95% CI = 1.29–7.86) showed a significant association with depressive symptoms. For workplace violence, the “Experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and coworkers” (OR 4.07, 95% CI = 1.58–10.50) showed a significant association. When the number of high-risk emotional labor-related factors was 1 or more, 13.1% showed depressive symptoms. When the number of high-risk workplace violence-related factors was 1 or more, 14.4% had statistically significant depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A significant result was found for depressive symptoms related to Emotional disharmony, which is a sub-topic of emotional labor, and those at high risk for “Organizational surveillance and monitoring.” For workplace violence, depressive symptoms were high for the group at high risk for the “experience of psychological and sexual violence from supervisors and coworkers.” In this way, management of emotional disharmony, a sub-factor of emotional labor, is necessary, and improvements to traditional corporate culture that monitors emotional labor is necessary. Violence from colleagues and supervisors in the workplace must also be reduced. IRB Approval No. SCHUH 2017–01-029. Registered 26 January 2017. Retrospectively registered. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-018-0229-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Depression ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Organizational Culture ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Sex Offenses ; Social Problems ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Violence ; Workplace Violence

Healthcare workers face significant risks of workplace violence, which includes verbal, physical, and sexual assaults and harassment. Most violent acts are committed by patient and their family members, although in some cases, medical staff may perpetrate various types of violence against other medical staff. In the course of training, professors or senior residents sometimes criticize junior residents who make mistakes. However, beyond a certain point, the purpose of protecting the patient from harm is lost and only the violence remains. Various efforts should be made to prevent workplace violence against healthcare workers. First, it is necessary to investigate the actual incidence of workplace violence in healthcare settings. Second, each hospital should have a process in place to expedite the response when a violent act is reported. Third, the Korean Hospital Association should ask individual hospitals to take appropriate measures when victims file complaints with the Korean Hospital Association. Fourth, medical societies and the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences should strive to create a healthy training environment in which residents are respected and educated. Fifth, violence prevention education is needed as part of medical school coursework. Sixth, the Korean Medical Association should organize a consultative body including the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences, the Korean Hospital Association, and the Korean Association of Medical Colleges, to encourage the entire medical community to spread safety culture in health care settings. Through these efforts, a new safety culture should be created by integrating patient safety and worker safety in health care settings.
Delivery of Health Care ; Education ; Humans ; Incidence ; Medical Staff ; Patient Safety ; Safety Management ; Schools, Medical ; Sexual Harassment ; Societies, Medical ; Violence ; Workplace Violence