Objective: To explore the characteristics and rules of blood pressure changes in oceanauts during simulated operation of manipulator and troubleshooting tasks with different difficulty. Methods: In July 2020, 8 deep-sea manned submersible oceanauts, 6 males and 2 females, were selected as objects. In the 1∶1 model of Jiaolong deep-sea manned submersible, the oceanauts performed manipulator operation tasks and troubleshooting tasks with different difficulties, measured the continuous blood pressure of the oceanauts, filled in the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX scale) after the completion of a single mission, and the changes of systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and mental workload were analyzed. Results: In a single task, the SBP, DBP and MAP of the oceanauts increased first and then decreased. The blood pressure values at the third minute were significantly lower than those at the first minute (P<0.01), and those at the fifth minute were significantly higher than those at the third minute (P<0.01). When performing the same task, compared with the quiet state, SBP, DBP and MAP increased when the oceanauts performed low difficulty, high difficulty, high difficulty+2-back manipulator operation task and troubleshooting task (P<0.05). When the task difficulty was the same, the SBP and MAP of oceanauts performing manipulator operation tasks were higher than those of oceanauts performing troubleshooting tasks (P<0.05). Compared with low difficulty tasks, the scores of NASA-TLX scale for oceanauts performing high difficulty manipulator operationtasks were significantly higher (P<0.05). Compared with the low difficulty task and high difficulty task, the scale score of the high difficulty+2-back troubleshooting task was significantly higher (P<0.05). When the task difficulty was the same, the scale scores of low difficulty and high difficulty manipulator operation tasks were significantly higher than those of troubleshooting tasks (P<0.05). SBP, DBP, MAP of No. 1, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, and No. 7 oceanauts (all of whom had 6 years of diving) were positively correlated with NASA-TLX scale scores (r>0.8, P<0.05) . Conclusion: In the process of manned deep-sea diving, when the oceanauts perform manipulator operation tasks and troubleshooting tasks, with the increase of task difficulty, the mental load of oceanauts increases, and the blood pressure index increases significantly in a short time. At the same time, improving the proficiency of operation can reduce the variation range of blood pressure indexes. Blood pressure can be used as an effective reference to evaluate the difficulty of operation and guide scientific training.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Blood Pressure ; Diving ; Workload

INTRODUCTION: Singapore instituted lockdown measures from 7 February 2020 to 1 June 2020 in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of cases from the national trauma registry was carried out comparing the lockdown period (from 7 February 2020 to 1 June 2020) to the pre-lockdown period (from 7 February 2019 to 1 June 2019). Data extracted included the volume of Tier 1 (injury severity score [ISS] >15) and Tier 2 (ISS 9-15) cases and epidemiology. Subgroup analysis was performed for Tier 1 patient outcomes. RESULTS: Trauma volume decreased by 19.5%, with a 32% drop in Tier 1 cases. Road traffic and workplace accidents decreased by 50% (P < 0.01), while interpersonal violence showed an increase of 37.5% (P = 0.34). There was an 18.1% decrease in usage of trauma workflows (P = 0.01), with an increase in time to intervention for Tier 1 patients from 88 to 124 min (P = 0.22). Discharge to community facilities decreased from 31.4% to 17.1% (P < 0.05). There was no increase in inpatient mortality, length of stay in critical care or length of stay overall. CONCLUSION There was an overall decrease in major trauma cases during the lockdown period, particularly road traffic accidents and worksite injuries, and a relative increase in interpersonal violence. Redeployment of manpower and hospital resources may have contributed to decreased usage of trauma workflows and community facilities. In the event of further lockdowns, it is necessary to plan for trauma coverage and maintain the use of workflows to facilitate early intervention.
Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology* ; Trauma Centers ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Workload ; Communicable Disease Control

OBJECTIVE: Exploring the effectiveness of using EEG linear and nonlinear features for accessing mental workload in different tasks. METHODS: Working memory tasks with different information types and various mental loads were designed based on N-Back paradigm. EEG signals from 18 normal adults were acquired when tasks were being performed. Linear and nonlinear features of EEGs were then extracted. Indices that can effectively reflect mental workload levels were selected by using multivariate analysis of variance statistical approach. RESULTS: With the increment of task load, power of frontal Theta, Theta/Alpha ratio, and sample entropies (scales>10) in parietal regions increased significantly first and decreased slightly then, while the power of central-parietal Alpha decreased significantly first and increased slightly then. No difference in power of frontal Theta, central-parietal Alpha, and sample entropies (scales>10) of parietal regions were found between verbal and object tasks, as well as between two spatial tasks. No difference of frontal Theta/Alpha ratio was found in all the four tasks. CONCLUSIONS The results can provide evidence for the mental workload evaluation in tasks with different information types.
Electroencephalography ; Memory, Short-Term ; Workload

BACKGROUND: Regional disparities in the working conditions of medical doctors have not been fully assessed in Japan. We aimed to clarify these differences in hospital characteristics: doctors' workload, wages, and popularity among medical students by city population sizes. METHODS: We targeted 423 teaching hospitals certified by the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine and assessed the working conditions of physicians specializing in internal medicine. We calculated their workload (the annual number of discharged patients per physician) and retrieved data on junior residents' monthly wages from the Resinavi Book which is popular among medical students in Japan to know the teaching hospital's information and each hospital's website. Furthermore, we explored the interim matching rate of each hospital as its popularity among medical students. Next, we classified cities in which all hospitals were located into eight groups based on their population size and compared the characteristics of these hospitals using a one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The average workload was 110.3, while the average workload in hospitals located in most populated cities (≥ 2,000,000) was 88.4 (p < 0.05). The average monthly wage was 351,199 Japanese yen, while that in most populated cities was 305,635.1 Japanese yen. The average popularity (matching rate) was 101.9%, and the rate in most populated areas was 142.7%, which was significantly higher than in other areas. CONCLUSIONS Hospitals in most populated areas had significantly lower workloads and wages; however, they were more popular among medical students than those in other areas. This study was the first to quantify the regional disparities in physicians' working conditions in Japan, and such disparities need to be corrected.
Cities/statistics & numerical data* ; Geography ; Hospitals, Teaching/statistics & numerical data* ; Japan ; Physicians/statistics & numerical data* ; Population Density ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits/statistics & numerical data* ; Students, Medical/psychology* ; Workload/statistics & numerical data*

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the change in health status of the general public after starting the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with changes in workload and lifestyle. METHODS: A web-based survey was conducted in November 2020, about 9 months after starting the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, among 8000 Japanese men and women aged 25-64 years. Participants asked for the changes after starting the COVID-19 pandemic in health status, workload, daily life, and health behavior. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to elucidate factors associated with deterioration in general health status. RESULTS: A deterioration in general health status was reported by 17.0% of male and 19.4% of female. There has been a clear shift to sedentary life with decreasing moderate activity and increasing screen time. The multivariate analysis revealed that deteriorated work style, increased burden of housework, decreased moderate activity, increased digital media exposure, and increased body weight were significantly associated with deteriorating health status. CONCLUSION Both men and women have experienced significant changes in workload and lifestyle since the COVID-19 pandemic started. People should be aware of the risks associated with their recent life changes and take self-care measures to prevent serious health consequences.
Adult ; COVID-19/psychology* ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Health Status ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workload

One of the greatest healthcare challenges for today's generation is the improvement of the nursing work environment. Despite the challenges brought by the unhealthy working environment and high workload demand, Filipino nurses stood up high in maintaining professionalism towards their work. The goal of this study is to determine the relationship between the work environment and the workload of staff nurses in level 2 hospitals in Cavite, Philippines. Quantitative non-experimental descriptive correlational design was used, and the standardized questionnaires namely: Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) were used to gather data from 70 respondents. Results showed that majority were female, belonging to Millennial age (23-38 years old), had baccalaureate degree in Nursing, with a gross monthly salary of Php 15,000.00- 19,999.00, being in the institution for more than 6 months to 5 years, and have an average nurse to patient ratio of 11.30. Their level of work environment was favorable in all subscales with a composite score of 3.13 (SD= 0.570). Their perceived workload was high, with a mean score of 71.24 (SD= 12.78). Likewise, nurse to patient ratio had a significant relationship with nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses (X2= 94.26, p= <.001) and staffing and resource adequacy (X2= 75.06, p= 0.002). Moreover, significant relationships among the variables of age and physical demand (p= .004), length of institutional experience and physical demand (p <0.001), educational attainment and performance (p= .018), educational attainment and effort (p= .005), and length of institutional experience and effort (p= .001). Last, there is no statistically significant correlation between the overall work environment and the overall workload of nurses (r= -.084, p= .491). These findings underscore the importance of measures aimed at enhancing the work environment and workload of staff nurses to prevent further challenges among them.
Workload ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; Workplace

Gymnastics ; physiology ; Humans ; Workload

OBJECTIVE: To form a new assessment method to evaluate postural workload comprehensively analyzing the dynamic and static postural workload for workers during their work process to analyze the reliability and validity, and to study the relation between workers' postural workload and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). METHODS: In the study, 844 workers from electronic and railway vehicle manufacturing factories were selected as subjects investigated by using the China Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (CMQ) to form the postural workload comprehensive assessment method. The Cronbach's α, cluster analysis and factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the new assessment method. Non-conditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the relation between workers' postural workload and WMSDs. RESULTS: Reliability of the assessment method for postural workload: internal consistency analysis results showed that Cronbach's α was 0.934 and the results of split-half reliability indicated that Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.881 and the correlation coefficient between the first part and the second was 0.787. Validity of the assessment method for postural workload: the results of cluster analysis indicated that square Euclidean distance between dynamic and static postural workload assessment in the same part or work posture was the shortest. The results of factor analysis showed that 2 components were extracted and the cumulative percentage of variance achieved 65.604%. The postural workload score of the different occupational workers showed significant difference (P<0.05) by covariance analysis. The results of nonconditional Logistic regression indicated that alcohol intake (OR=2.141, 95%CI 1.337-3.428) and obesity (OR=3.408, 95%CI 1.629-7.130) were risk factors for WMSDs. The risk for WMSDs would rise as workers' postural workload rose (OR=1.035, 95%CI 1.022-1.048). There was significant different risk for WMSDs in the different groups of workers distinguished by work type, gender and age. Female workers exhibited a higher prevalence for WMSDs (OR=2.626, 95%CI 1.414-4.879) and workers between 30-40 years of age (OR=1.909, 95%CI 1.237-2.946) as compared with those under 30. CONCLUSION This method for comprehensively assessing postural workload is reliable and effective when used in assembling workers, and there is certain relation between the postural workload and WMSDs.
China ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Posture ; Prevalence ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workload

There is a paucity of available research on knowledge of orthopaedic implant costs and healthcare schemes among orthopaedic residents. With the rising healthcare costs in Singapore, it is imperative for residents, who are the future surgeons, to understand these issues in order to provide proper counselling and cost-effective management. This study aimed to quantify how accurately they understood these issues and determine if senior residents had better knowledge given their increased experience. An online survey was administered to all orthopaedic residents within a residency programme. There was poor knowledge of implant costs and healthcare schemes among residents. Junior residents fared better at healthcare schemes, while senior residents fared better at estimation of implant costs. Education on these issues should be incorporated into the residency programme to bring about more holistic and cost-conscious clinicians.
Attitude of Health Personnel ; Clinical Competence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; Health Care Costs ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Orthopedics ; economics ; education ; Physicians ; Prostheses and Implants ; economics ; Singapore ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workload

Clinical laboratories for in vitro diagnostics are facing pressure to preserve cost control while providing better services through new initiatives. Laboratory automation is a partial answer to this problem, having come a long way from the early days of clinical laboratory testing. The journey and implementation of automation in the Singapore General Hospital's Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory has allowed for sustained performance in the light of increasing workload and service commitments amid an evolving healthcare environment. Key to realising predicted outcomes is the optimisation of workflow processes, reduction of errors, and spatial placement of specimen reception and analytical areas. This paper gives an overview of our experience with automation in the clinical laboratory and its subsequent impact on service standards.
Aged ; Automation, Laboratory ; Clinical Laboratory Information Systems ; organization & administration ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Efficiency, Organizational ; statistics & numerical data ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Laboratories, Hospital ; organization & administration ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Health Care ; Singapore ; Tertiary Healthcare ; organization & administration ; User-Computer Interface ; Workload