OBJECTIVE: To confirm the HLA genotypes of the samples including 4 cases of magnetic bead probe HLA genotyping result pattern abnormality and 3 cases of ambiguous result detected by PCR sequence-specific oligonudeotide probe (SSOP) method. METHODS: All samples derived from HLA high-resolution typing laboratory were detected by PCR-SSOP. A total of 4 samples of magnetic bead probe HLA genotyping result pattern abnormality and 3 samples of ambiguous result were further confirmed by PCR sequence-based typing (SBT) technology and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. RESULTS: A total of 4 samples of magnetic bead probe HLA genotyping result pattern abnormality were detected by PCR-SSOP method. The results of SBT and NGS showed that the HLA-A genotype of sample 1 did not match any known genotypes. NGS analysis revealed that the novel allele was different from the closest matching allele A*31:01:02:01at position 154 with G>A in exon 2, which resulting in one amino acid substitution at codon 28 from Valine to Methionine (p.Val28Met). The HLA-C genotype of sample 2 was C*03:119, 06:02, sample 3 was C*03:03, 07:137, and sample 4 was B*55:02, 55:12. A total of 3 samples with ambiguous result were initially detected by PCR-SSOP method. The re-examination results of SBT and NGS showed that the HLA-B genotype of sample 5 was B*15:58, 38:02, sample 6 was DRB1*04:05, 14:101, and sample 7 was DQB1*03:34, 05:02. Among them, alleles C*03:119, C*07:137 and DRB1*14:101 were not included in the Common and Well-documented Alleles (CWD) v2.4 of the Chinese Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donor Database. CONCLUSION The abnormal pattern of HLA genotyping results of magnetic probe by PCR-SSOP method suggests that it may be a rare allele or a novel allele, which needs to be verified by sequencing.
Humans ; Alleles ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Genotype ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Histocompatibility Testing/methods* ; Technology

OBJECTIVE: Three cases of rare alleles of HLA-C with zero mismatched PCR-SBT results were analyzed by full-length sequencing to determine the true genotypes. METHODS: Three rare HLA-C alleles with zero mismatched PCR-SBT results were screened from clinical transplant matching samples, and the full-length sequence was detected by next-generation sequencing technology. RESULTS: The results of PCR-SBT typing of 3 samples were: HLA-C*03:04, 12:167; HLA-C*07:291, 15:02; HLA-C*01:43, 08:16. Other alleles were not in the CWD table of common and confirmed HLA alleles in China (version 2.3) except common allele HLA-C*03:04, HLA-C*15:02. NGS full-length sequencing revealed that the HLA-C genotypes of the three samples were a combination of common alleles and novel alleles, and the three novel alleles had a base mutation in exons 6, 2, and 4, respectively. The novel allele sequences have been submitted to the Genbank database (MK629722, MK335474, MK641803), which were officially named HLA-C*03:04:74, HLA-C*15:192, HLA-C*08:01:25 by the WHO HLA Nomenclature Committee. The HLA high-resolution typing results of 3 samples were: HLA-C*03:04:74, HLA-C*12:03; HLA-C*07:02, HLA-C*15:192; HLA-C*01:02, HLA-C*08:01:25. CONCLUSION HLA typing results containing rare alleles should be treated cautiously, and the full-length sequence should be verified by NGS or cloning. The laboratory finally confirmed that the 3 cases of PCR-SBT zero mismatch HLA-C genotypes are the combination of common alleles and novel alleles by NGS sequencing, which provides an accurate basis for clinical transplantation matching and enriches the human HLA genetic database.
Alleles ; Genotype ; HLA-C Antigens/genetics* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Histocompatibility Testing/methods* ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods* ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have long been scarce in China. Haploidentical (haplo) donors are available for the vast majority of patients, but toxicity has limited this approach. Three new approaches for haplo-HSCT originated from Italy, China, and USA in 1990 and have been developed to world-renowned system up to now. The Chinese approach have been greatly improved by implementing new individualized conditioning regimens, donor selection based on non-HLA systems, risk-directed strategies for graft-versus-host disease and relapse, and infection management. Haplo-HSCT has exhibited similar efficacy to HLA-matched HSCT and has gradually become the predominant donor source and the first alternative donor choice for allo-HSCT in China. Registry-based analyses and multicenter studies adhering to international standards facilitated the transformation of the unique Chinese experience into an inspiration for the refinement of global practice. This review will focus on how the new era in which "everyone has a donor" will become a reality in China.
China ; Donor Selection ; Graft vs Host Disease ; immunology ; HLA Antigens ; immunology ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; immunology ; surgery ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Histocompatibility ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Transplantation Conditioning

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the size of HLA -Ⅰ class typed platelet apheresis donor bank. METHODS: A total of 16062 blood samples from Chinese Han voluntary unrelated marrow donors in Jiangsu were included in this study. Luminex-SSO was used to detect the HLA -Ⅰ class(A,B locus) antigens. The probability of finding at least one HLA matched unrelated donor was calculated based on the HLA -I class phenotype frequency. RESULTS: The population genetic data of HLA -Ⅰ class in Jiangsu were obtained, the optinal bans size in HLA typed apheresis plateler donor registry databane hrad been estimated by evaluating the population genetic data of HLA-1 class same donor. CONCLUSION The establishment of HLA-1 class typed apheresis platelet donor bank with a total size of 1500 persons is acceptable, which can satisty the patients with phenotype freguency>0.002 to find at least 1 phenotype same donor in 95% probavility.
Bone Marrow ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; HLA Antigens ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Plateletpheresis ; Registries ; Tissue Donors

Here, we report the results of the first histocompatibility proficiency testing (PT) performed by the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service in 2018. The directly prepared PT specimens of whole blood, sera, and mononuclear cell suspensions were distributed to participants biannually. The number of participants was comparable to that in the previous external PT program, and the response rate was 88%–100%. The accuracy rates for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A, B, C, DR, and DQ low and high resolution typing were 100%/100%, 100%/98%, 100%/99%, and 99%/98%, respectively; HLA-B27 typing, 99.1%; T cell and B cell crossmatching, 3.1% and 6.0%, respectively; and HLA antibody screening and identification, 100% and 100%, respectively. The results of HLA crossmatching were not reported from four participants due to poor cell viability. Further improvements of the specimen delivery process, grading criteria for crossmatching, and format of participant summary are warranted.
Cell Survival ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Histocompatibility ; HLA-B27 Antigen ; Humans ; Leukocytes ; Mass Screening ; Suspensions

Graft Rejection ; HLA Antigens/analysis* ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Quality Control

Detection of significant alloimmune response, which affects graft function and survival by effective immune monitoring, is critical for treatment decision making. However, there is no consensus regarding immune monitoring (IM) for kidney transplantation (flow KT) in Korea. The IM protocol may be affected by the level of immunological risk, the methods of desensitization and the availabilities of resources such as laboratory support and cost of tests. Questionnaire surveys designed to identify the current practices regarding immune monitoring of KT among transplant clinicians and clinical pathologists in Korea and eventually provide a basis for the establishment of harmonized immune monitoring guidelines in KT were administered as part of a Korean Society for Transplantation Sponsored Research Project. The survey results revealed significant variations in IM protocols and interpretation of tests affecting treatment decisions between institutes. Moreover, the results revealed a need to expand the histocompatibility tests into high resolution HLA typing in multiple loci and non-HLA antibody tests that facilitate the epitope analysis and eventually virtual crossmatching. The results of the questionnaire survey from clinical pathologists are addressing the urgent need for the standardization of interpretation and harmonization of results reporting in single antigen bead based HLA antibody identification. Finally, communication between clinicians and clinical pathologists to meet the clinical expectations regarding various immune monitoring tests is needed.
Academies and Institutes ; Consensus ; Decision Making ; Histocompatibility ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Kidney Transplantation ; Korea* ; Monitoring, Immunologic* ; Transplants

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms(DRESS), which occurs 2–8 weeks after taking a medication is a rare and potentially life-threatening drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction, which includes skin eruption, hematologic abnormalities, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ such as liver, lung, kidney involvement. Antiepileptic agents (e.g., carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital) and allopurinol are the most commonly reported causes. However, new antiepileptic agents, such as oxcarbazepine, rarely cause drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. A 11-year-old boy who was administered oxcarbazepine for 34 days developed widespread rashes, facial edema, fever, cough, nasal stuffiness, tonsillitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory test results showed leukocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, elevated c-reactive protein, and elevated liver transaminase levels. As we suspected drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, we immediately withdrew oxcarbazepine and commenced corticosteroid therapy. The patient's skin lesions and abnormal laboratory results slowly improved. Before change the antiepileptic agents, we performed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing to assess the genetic risk factors of the drug reaction and the result was positive for HLA DRB1*04:03 known to cause severe acute drug hypersensitivity, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome by oxcarbazepine in Koreans. We have presented the first report of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms associated with oxcarbazepine in a patient with HLA DRB1*04:03. Although DRESS by oxcarazepine is extremely rare and unpredictable, when suspected clinical symptoms occur, it is necessary to interrupt the causative drug rapidly and confirming the patient's HLA typing may help to select a safer alternative drug.
Allopurinol ; Anticonvulsants ; C-Reactive Protein ; Carbamazepine ; Child ; Cough ; Drug Eruptions ; Drug Hypersensitivity ; Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome* ; Edema ; Eosinophilia ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Histocompatibility Testing ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Kidney ; Leukocytes ; Leukocytosis ; Liver ; Lung ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Male ; Palatine Tonsil ; Phenytoin ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ; Thrombocytosis ; Tonsillitis

BACKGROUND: Research on next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based HLA typing is active. To resolve the phase ambiguity and long turn-around-time of conventional high resolution HLA typing, this study developed a NGS-based high resolution HLA typing method that can handle large-scale samples within an efficient testing time. METHODS: For HLA NGS, the condition of nucleic acid extraction, library construction, PCR mechanism, and HLA typing with bioinformatics were developed. To confirm the accuracy of the NGS-based HLA typing method, the results of 192 samples HLA typed by SSOP and 28 samples typed by SBT compared to NGS-based HLA-A, -B and -DR typing. RESULTS: DNA library construction through two-step PCR, NGS sequencing with MiSeq (Illumina Inc., San Diego, USA), and the data analysis platform were established. NGS-based HLA typing results were compatible with known HLA types from 220 blood samples. CONCLUSION: The NSG-based HLA typing method could handle large volume samples with high-throughput. Therefore, it would be useful for HLA typing of bone marrow donation volunteers.
Bone Marrow ; Computational Biology ; Gene Library ; Histocompatibility Testing ; HLA-A Antigens* ; Methods* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Statistics as Topic ; Volunteers

BACKGROUND: Data on allele frequencies (AFs) and haplotype frequencies (HFs) of HLA-C and -DQB1 are limited in Koreans. We investigated AFs and HFs of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 in Koreans by high-resolution sequence-based typing (SBT). METHODS: Hematopoietic stem cells were obtained from 613 healthy, unrelated donors to analyze HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 genotypes by using AlleleSEQR HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 SBT kits (Abbott Molecular, USA), respectively. Alleles belonging to HLA-C*07:01/07:06 group were further discriminated by using PCR-sequence specific primer analysis. AFs and HFs were calculated by direct counting and maximum likelihood method, respectively. RESULTS: In all, 24 HLA-A, 46 HLA-B, 24 HLA-C, 29 HLA-DRB1, and 15 HLA-DQB1 alleles were identified. AFs and HFs of HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 were similar to those reported previously. For the HLA-C locus, C*01:02 was the most common allele, followed by C*03:03, C*03:04, C*14:02, C*03:02, and C*07:02 (AF > or =7%). AFs of C*07:01 and C*07:06 were 0.16% and 3.18%, respectively. For the HLA-DQB1 locus, DQB1*03:01 was the most common allele, followed by DQB1*03:03, *03:02, *06:01, *05:01, *04:01, and *06:02 (AF > or =7%). AFs of DQB1*02:01 and DQB1*02:02 were 2.12% and 6.69%, respectively. HFs of A*33:03-C*07:06 and C*07:06-B*44:03 were 3.09% and 3.10%, respectively, while those of DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:02 and DRB1*03:01-DQB1*02:01 were 6.61% and 2.04%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported AFs and HFs of HLA, including HLA-C and -DQB1, in Koreans by using high-resolution SBT. These data can be used to resolve ambiguous results of HLA typing for organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations.
Alleles* ; DNA Fingerprinting* ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Haplotypes* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Histocompatibility Testing ; HLA Antigens ; HLA-A Antigens ; HLA-B Antigens ; HLA-C Antigens ; HLA-DRB1 Chains ; Humans ; Korea ; Leukocytes* ; Sequence Analysis ; Unrelated Donors