OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of blocking the activation of ERK pathway on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the formation of cerebral edema in SD rats after brain injury. METHODS: Ninety SD rats were randomly divided into 3 equal groups, including a sham-operated group, modified Feeney's traumatic brain injury model group, and ERK inhibition group where the ERK inhibitor SCH772984 (500 μg/kg) was injected via the femoral vein 15 min before brain trauma. At 2 h and 2 days after brain trauma, the permeability of blood-brain barrier was assessed by Evans blue method, the water content of the brain tissue was determined, and the phosphorylation level of ERK and the expression level of MMP-9 mRNA and protein were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with the sham-operated group, the rats with brain trauma exhibited significantly increased level of ERK phosphorylation at 2 h and significantly increased expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein 2 days after the injury ( < 0.01). Treatment with the ERK inhibitor significantly decreased the phosphorylation level of ERK after the injury ( < 0.01), suppressed over-expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein 2 days after the injury ( < 0.01). The permeability of blood-brain barrier increased significantly 2 h after brain trauma ( < 0.05) and increased further at 2 days ( < 0.01); the water content of the brain did not change significantly at 2 h ( > 0.05) but increased significantly 2 d after the injury ( < 0.01). Treatment with the ERK inhibitor significantly lowered the permeability of blood-brain barrier and brain water content after brain trauma ( < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Blocking the activation of ERK pathway significantly reduced the over-expression of MMP-9 and alleviates the damage of blood-brain barrier and traumatic brain edema, suggesting that ERK signaling pathway plays an important role in traumatic brain edema by regulating the expression of MMP-9.
Animals ; Brain Edema ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; complications ; drug therapy ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Indazoles ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; drug effects ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; genetics ; Piperazines ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

To investigate the effects of genistein (Gen) on the biosynthesis of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) in rats, 80 4-week-old male SD rats were randomly equally into the control and genistein groups. The rats of control and genistein groups were fed 5% ethanol and 300 mg/(kg·d) genistein respectively by gavage. The contents of Neu5Gc in hind leg muscle, kidney and liver tissues of rats were measured by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector (HPLC/FLD), and the mechanism of inhibition of Neu5Gc synthesis was investigated by using the molecular docking of Gen and sialyltransferase. On the 15th day, the content of Neu5Gc in hind leg muscle and liver tissues decreased 13.77% and 15.45%, respectively, and there was no significant change in the content of Neu5Gc in kidney tissues. On the 30th day, the content of Neu5Gc in liver tissues decreased 13.35%, however, there was no significant change in the content of Neu5Gc in kidney tissues and Neu5Gc was not detected in hind leg muscle. The content of Neu5Gc in hind leg muscle, kidney and liver tissues decreased respectively 32.65%, 32.78%, 16.80% and 12.72%, 11.42%, 12.30% while rats fed on the 45th and the 60th days. Genistein has formed the hydrogen bond with sialyltransferase activity site residues His319, Ser151, Gly293, Thr328 and formed a hydrophobic interactions with the residues His302, His301, Trp300, Ser271, Phe292, Thr328, Ser325 and Ile274. The results of molecular docking indicated that the weak intermolecular interaction was the main cause of genistein inhibiting sialyltransferase activity. The research results provided an experimental basis for the subsequent reduction of Neu5Gc in red meat before slaughter.
Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Genistein ; pharmacology ; Male ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Neuraminic Acids ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transferases ; metabolism

Dendrobii Caulis (DC), named 'Shihu' in Chinese, is a precious herb in traditional Chinese medicine. It is widely used to nourish stomach, enhance body fluid production, tonify "Yin" and reduce heat. More than thirty Dendrobium species are used as folk medicine. Some compounds from DC exhibit inhibitory effects on macrophage inflammation. In the present study, we compared the anti-inflammatory effects among eight Dendrobium species. The results provided evidences to support Dendrobium as folk medicine, which exerted its medicinal function partially by its inhibitory effects on inflammation. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Dendrobium species, mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was activated by lipopolysaccharide. The nitric oxide (NO) level was measured using Griess reagent while the pro-inflammatory cytokines were tested by ELISA. The protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation were evaluated by Western blotting analysis. Among the eight Dendrobium species, both water extracts of D. thyrsiflorum B.S.Williams (DTW) and D. chrysotoxum Lindl (DCHW) showed most significant inhibitory effects on NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. DTW also significantly reduced TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 production. Further investigations showed that DTW suppressed iNOS and COX-2 expression as well as ERK and JNK phosphorylation, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of DTW on LPS-induced macrophage inflammation was through the suppression of MAPK pathways. In conclusion, D. thyrsiflorum B.S.Williams was demonstrated to have potential to be used as alternative or adjuvant therapy for inflammation.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; genetics ; Cytokines ; metabolism ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; analysis ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; genetics ; Phosphorylation ; drug effects ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play a pivotal role in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis through aggressive migration and invasion. Madecassoside (Madec), a triterpenoid saponin present in Centella asiatica herbs, has a potent anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, Madec exerted an obvious therapeutic effect in reversing the histological lesions in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. To recognize the anti-rheumatoid potentials of Madec, we further investigated whether Madec interfered with FLS invasion and metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In cultures of primary FLS isolated from the AIA rats, Madec (10 and 30 μmol·L) was proven to considerably inhibit migration and invasion of FLS induced by interleukin 1β (IL-1β), but exhibiting no obvious effect on cell proliferation. Madec repressed IL-1β-triggered FLS invasion by prohibiting the expression of MMP-13. Additionally, Madec suppressed MMP-13 transcription via inhibiting the MMP-13 promoter-binding activity of NF-κB. Our results further showed that Madec down-regulated the translocation and phosphorylation of NF-κB as demonstrated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. In conclusion, our results suggest that Madec exerts anti-RA activity via inhibiting the NF-κB/MMP-13 pathway.
Animals ; Antirheumatic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Experimental ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cell Nucleus ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Interleukin-1beta ; pharmacology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 ; genetics ; NF-kappa B ; genetics ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; drug effects ; Protein Transport ; drug effects ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Synoviocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; drug effects ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

To establish rat model of lung ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in vivo, and to explore the effects of acidification pretreatment for respiratory acidosis on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the possible mechanisms.
 Methods: A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a sham group (S group), a IR group, and an experiment group (RA group) (n=12 in each group). The rat left lung hilum in the S group was dissociated, followed by perfusion without ischemia. After the left lung hilum in the IR group was blocked for 45 min, the rats were followed by reperfusion for 180 min. After left lung hilum in the RA group was dissociated, the respiratory parameters were adjusted so that pressure of end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) reached 56-65 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) for 5 min, then the rats was subjected to IR. Lung tissue wet/dry (W/D) and lung permeability index (LPI) were calculated, while the lung histopathology was observed and the MMP-9 protein expression were measured.
 Results: Compared with the control group, the W/D and LPI in the IR group and the RA group increased after reperfusion (both P<0.05), and the levels of W/D and LPI in the group RA were lower than that in the IR group (P<0.05). LPI and pathology scores were significantly lower in the RA group than those in the IR group (both P<0.01). After IR, the expression of MMP9 in the lung tissues in the IR group and the RA group increased significantly (both P<0.01). The expression of MMP-9 protein in the RA group was significantly lower than that in the IR group (P<0.01).
 Conclusion: After lung IR injury, the expression of MMP-9 protein, vascular permeability and inflammatory exudation is increased. The acidification pretreatment for respiratory acidosis can inhibit the expression of MMP-9 protein and reduce inflammatory exudation after lung IR, showing a protective effect on lung IR injury.
Acidosis, Respiratory ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Lung ; enzymology ; Lung Injury ; enzymology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; prevention & control

To investigate the effect of sinomenine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and the underlying mechanisms.
 Methods: The mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with sinomenine and/or LPS with or without heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor Znpp. Real-time PCR, ELISA, immunofluenscence, and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6, the release of TNF-α and IL-6, the protein expression of HO-1 and autophagy, respectively.
 Results: Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression and release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were increased, the green fluorescence of autophagy-related protein LC3 was accumulated and the protein expression of HO-1 was increased in RAW264.7 cells after LPS treatment (P<0.05). Compared with the LPS group, sinomenine treatment could reduce the mRNA expression and release of TNF-α and IL-6, accompanied by increasess in green fluorescence aggregation of LC3 and HO-1 production (P<0.05). HO-1 inhibitor Znpp could weaken the ability of sinomenine through suppressing TNF-α and IL-6 expression and decreasing the aggregation of LC3 green fluorescence (P<0.05).
 Conclusion: Sinomenine could alleviate LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages, which might be related to HO-1 mediated autophagy. This study provides an experimental and theoretical basis for the clinical application of sinomenine in prevention and treatment of inflammation.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; Autophagy ; drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; genetics ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Macrophages ; drug effects ; Mice ; Morphinans ; pharmacology

Lead exposure is a known potential risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Exposure to lead during the critical phase of brain development has been linked with mental retardation and hypophrenia in later life. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of lead exposure of pregnant mice on the expressions of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus of their offspring. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein, and after anesthetizing the pups, the brain was excised on postnatal day 21. Lead concentrations were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the expressions of IDE and NGF were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results showed that the reduction in IDE and NGF expression in the hippocampus of pups might be associated with impairment of learning and memory and dementia induced by maternal lead exposure during pregnancy and lactation.
Animals ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Insulysin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lead ; toxicity ; Mice ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; chemically induced

OBJECTIVEIn the present study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of Silybum marianum protein hydrolysate (SMPH) in D-galactose-treated mice.

METHODSD-galactose (500 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally injected daily for 7 weeks to accelerate aging, and SMPH (400, 800, 1,200 mg/kg body weight, respectively) was simultaneously administered orally. The antioxidant and anti-aging effects of SMPH in the liver and brain were measured by biochemical assays. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to study the ultrastructure of liver mitochondri.

RESULTSSMPH decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the D-galactose-treated mice. It significantly elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), which were suppressed by D-galactose. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as the concentrations of caspase-3 and 8-OHdG in the liver and brain were significantly reduced by SMPH. Moreover, it increased Bcl-2 levels in the liver and brain. Furthermore, SMPH significantly attenuated D-galactose-induced liver mitochondrial dysfunction by improving the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase as well as mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and fluidity. TEM showed that the degree of liver mitochondrial damage was significantly decreased by SMPH.

CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that SMPH protects against D-galactose-induced accelerated aging in mice through its antioxidant and anti-aging activities.

Aging ; drug effects ; Animals ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Brain ; drug effects ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Galactose ; toxicity ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Mice ; Milk Thistle ; chemistry ; Mitochondria, Liver ; drug effects ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Plant Proteins ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Protein Hydrolysates ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo characterize carbapenem (CPM)-non-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and carbape-nemase produced by these strains isolated from Beijing Children's Hospital based on a five-year surveillance.

METHODSThe Minimal Inhibition Concentration values for 15 antibiotics were assessed using the Phonix100 compact system. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were used to detect genes encoding carbapenemases. WHONET 5.6 was finally used for resistance analysis.

RESULTSIn total, 179 strains of CPM-non-susceptible K. pneumoniae were isolated from January, 2010 to December, 2014. The rates of non-susceptible to imipenem and meropenem were 95.0% and 95.6%, respectively. In the 179 strains, 95 (53.1%) strains carried the blaIMP gene, and IMP-4 and IMP-8 were detected in 92 (96.8%) and 3 (3.2%) IMP-producing isolates, respectively. 65 (36.3%) strains carried the blaNDM-1 gene. 6 (3.4%) strains carried the blaKPC gene, and KPC-2 were detected in 6 KPC-producing isolates. In addition, New Delhi-Metallo-1 (NDM-1) producing isolates increased from 7.1% to 63.0% in five years and IMP-4 producing isolates decreased from 75.0% to 28.3%.

CONCLUSIONHigh frequencies of multiple resistances to antibiotics were observed in the CPM-non-susceptible K. pneumoniae strains isolated from Beijing Children's Hospital. The production of IMP-4 and NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamases appears to be an important mechanism for CPM-non- susceptible in K. pneumoniae.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Drug Resistance ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; physiology ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Population Surveillance ; Time Factors ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics ; metabolism

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the migration of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and its association with expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). METHODS: Primary human TM cells treated with 1 or 10 microM S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) and examined for changes in adherence. TM cells were seeded onto transwell culture inserts, and changes in their migratory activity were quantified. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the relative changes in mRNA expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). RESULTS: Treatment with SNAP did not significantly suppress TM cell adhesion or migration (p > 0.05). Treatment of TM cells with 10 microM SNAP decreased expression of MMP-2 and increased expression of membrane type MMP-1 and TIMP-2. Treatment with interleukin-1alpha triggered MMP-3 expression but did not exert significant effects on MMP-3 activation in response to SNAP. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that NO revealed no significant effect on the migration of TM cells because NO decreased MMP-2 and increased TIMP-2 expression. Although expression of certain MMPs and TIMPs change in response to NO donors, NO may modulate trabecular outflow by changing the cellular production of extracellular matrix without having a significant effect on the migration of TM cells.
Cell Movement/*drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA Primers/chemistry ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/*physiology ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinases/*genetics ; Nitric Oxide Donors/*pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine/*pharmacology ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/*genetics ; Trabecular Meshwork/cytology/*drug effects/enzymology