BACKGROUND

The Philippines faces a challenge in addressing the mental health needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) following disasters. The lack of an integrated mental health triage system within evacuation centers and the shortage of specialists trained in post-traumatic stress triaging have hindered effective emergency response. Existing interventions primarily focus on traditional trauma and psychiatric symptoms, often lacking standardized mental health triage classifications and leading to data gaps, complicating resource allocation decisions.

To develop a culturally relevant mental health triage system, this study proposes the "Unahon Tool" to meet the needs of Filipino IDPs. Integrating with existing medical triage protocols equips frontline responders to identify stress-related concerns, enables informed decision-making for mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) allocation, and optimizes resource utilization.

The study involved key informants, including disaster responders, mental health specialists, and government officials, who participated in interviews and focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was used to identify behavioral aspects affecting IDP communities. The Unahon Tool development incorporated disaster response frameworks, mental health interventions, and other existing triage tools. A red-yellow-green categorization system was employed based on the severity and urgency of observed behaviors. Stakeholder consultations and expert reviews guided tool refinement.

The final Unahon Tool includes 17 behaviors categorized into red (urgent), yellow (moderate), and green (low) severity levels. It provides corresponding recommended interventions to aid responders. During direct observations, yellow-category behaviors like shouting and cursing were prevalent. Responders focused on reminders for peace and order in response to these behaviors. The tool's "Notes" section was identified as a potential area for contextual information inclusion.

The Unahon Tool fills a crucial gap in the Philippine disaster response infrastructure by offering a behavior-based mental health triage system. It enables responders to prioritize mental health resources effectively, reducing the burden on specialists and enhancing overall disaster response effectiveness. Future directions   include expanding tool adoption beyond Metro Manila, translating it into regional languages, and developing a version for children and teenagers. Collaboration with other regions and age groups will ensure broader applicability and effectiveness in addressing mental health needs among diverse IDP populations.

Major natural disasters seriously threaten human life and health. After earthquakes and other catastrophes, survivors are often trapped in the confined spaces caused by the collapse of ground and buildings, with relative separation from the outside world, restricted access, complex environment, and oncoming or ongoing unsafety, leading to the rescue extremely difficult. In order to save lives and improve the outcome more efficiently in the confined spaces after natural disasters, it is very important to standardize and reasonably apply the trauma assessment and first aid workflow. This study focuses on trauma assessment and first aid. From the aspects of trauma assessment, vital signs stabilization, hemostasis and bandaging, post-trauma anti-infection, and the transportation of patients, a trauma first aid work process suitable for a small space of a major natural disaster is formed, It is helpful to realize the immediate and efficient treatment of trauma in the confined spaces after natural catastrophes, to reduce the rate of death and disability and improve the outcome of patients.
Humans ; Disasters ; First Aid ; Confined Spaces ; Earthquakes

Introduction: In the event of a disaster, an airport serves two essential roles, as the central hub for incoming supplies such as food and medication and provide a lifeline to the affected communities, and as a coordination and information center to register, brief, and task for the incoming humanitarian organizations and rescue teams. What happens if the disaster itself impacts the airport? This paper describes the conditions at Palu airport during an earthquake and the state one year after. Method: This is a qualitative study, utilizing information gathered from interviews, articles in newspapers, and reports from official websites. Findings from the official websites were confirmed with findings from newspapers or other printed media and were also confirmed with the results of the observations and interviews. The interviews were conducted with several key informants at the airport. Data were then analyzed verbatim and written in a narrative description. Result and Discussion: Many factors contributed to the chaos at Palu Airport. The earthquake's impact was significant enough for a small airport such as Palu Airport. There was no clear incident command system and coordination between institutions within the airport and the city. There was a lack of disaster readiness planning and regular training before the earthquake. The first initial training in 2009 was not followed up. Conclusion The 2018-earthquake in Palu was a big disaster that impacted the airport. Lack of capacity was related to the discontinuity of the 2009 training into a continuous disaster management program. The unclear management system inside the airport and the local authority worsened the impact of the disaster on both the airport and the community.
Natural Disasters

The development of burn units in our country is now undergoing a trend of geographic centralization and regionalization. To solve the problems like severe burn patients are too far away from burn units, overloaded operation in regional burn centers when mass burn accidents happen, and growing requirement for aeromedical transportation, etc., it is now the top priority to improve national aeromedical transportation system for burn patients. Expert teams from Chinese Burn Association, National Aeromedical Rescue Base, and China Association for Disaster & Emergency Rescue Medicine discussed and reached a consensus on the key points of aeromedical transportation of burn patients, including organizational structure, staff and materials, and three links before, during, and after aeromedical transportation. The consensus aims to provide guidance for a safe, efficient, and standardized operation of aeromedical transportation for burn patients in China.
Accidents ; Air Ambulances ; Burn Units ; Consensus ; Disasters ; Humans

BACKGROUND: To examine changes in psychological distress prevalence among pregnant women in Miyagi Prefecture, which was directly affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, and compare it with the other, less damaged areas of Japan. METHODS: This study was conducted in conjunction with the Japan Environment and Children`s Study. We examined 76,152 pregnant women including 8270 in Miyagi Regional Center and 67,882 in 13 other regional centers from the all-birth fixed data of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. We then compared the prevalence and risk of distress in women in Miyagi Regional Center and women in the 13 regional centers for 3 years after the disaster. RESULTS: Women in the Miyagi Regional Center suffered more psychological distress than those in the 13 regional centers: OR 1.38 (95% CI, 1.03-1.87) to 1.92 (95% CI, 1.42-2.60). Additionally, women in the inland area had a consistently higher prevalence of psychological distress compared to those from the 13 regional centers: OR 1.67 (95% CI, 1.18-2.38) to 2.19 (95% CI, 1.60-2.99). CONCLUSIONS The lack of pre-disaster data in the Japan Environment and Children's Study made it impossible to compare the incidence of psychological distress before and after the March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. However, 3 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake, the prevalence of pregnant women with psychological distress did not improve in Miyagi Regional Center. Further, the prevalence of mental illness in inland areas was consistently higher than that in the 13 regional centers after the disaster.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Disasters ; Earthquakes ; Female ; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/psychology* ; Pregnant Women/psychology* ; Prevalence ; Psychological Distress ; Tsunamis ; Young Adult

Background: Due to the devolved nature of Philippine local governance, disaster management systems such as relief work and food aid pipelines, have been managed by local government units during natural disasters. Objectives: This study assessed the nutrient adequacy of food aid packs provided during natural disasters in the province of Albay. Specific objectives included assessment of the types of food and food sources, as well as the practices in the food aid pipeline, and assessment of the nutritional quality of food aid packs through comparison with the recommended energy/nutrient intake (REI/RNI) for Filipinos Methods: Key informant interviews were conducted to gather information on food sources and pipelines. Information on the quantities of food components in food aid packs distributed was also collected, and the free iFRNI software used to derive nutrient content. These quantities compared with the REI/RNI for the general population. Descriptive statistics on Microsoft Excel were used to calculate the mean, median and mode for macronutrients as well as Vitamin A and iron to determine the overall intake of individuals relying on these foods. Ethical clearance was secured from the University of the Philippines REB. Results: Analysis of the food components showed that the food aid packs were insufficient to meet the REI/RNI for the general population, particularly for food packs distributed on the barangay and city/municipal levels. Food was sourced from local suppliers as an emergency purchase during the forecast of a disaster, in place of the prescribed practice of stockpiling. Procured food would then be repacked and distributed on the provincial, city/municipal and barangay levels in a staggered schedule depending upon the length of the disaster or evacuation. Conclusion The food packs distributed by the barangay and city/municipal sub-units of the provincial government of Albay are insufficient to meet the daily caloric and micronutrient needs of a general population purely reliant on food aid after a natural disaster.
Natural Disasters Diet ; Vegetarian

Objectives: The goal of the research was to provide local data on the varieties of posttraumatic symptomatology among survivors of Super typhoon Haiyan in a rural community in Merida, Leyte. Methodology: This is a single point non-invasive study of Filipino survivors of typhoon Yolanda who came from Merida, Leyte, involving administration of a symptom checklist i.e. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist- Civilian version (PCL-C) to assess the occurrence of posttraumatic symptoms in the selected group of volunteers with no history of psychiatric illness. The PCL-C was given as part of a community screening for symptoms of PTSD conducted three months after the typhoon. There were two ways of scoring the PTSD Checklist- Civilian version (PCL-C) - either by computing for the total severity score or by scoring each response category just like one would in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV TR) criteria. The sum of all PCL-C item scores indicated the severity of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A score of 30 and above represented the occurrence of PTSD. T-test was used to determine differences in the severity scores of those who met the criteria for PTSD using the total "severity scoring method" and those who did not. Results: A total of 29 respondents took part in the study where the majority were female (28/29 or 96.55%). The results showed that Filipinos suffered more re-experiencing symptoms but less avoidance symptoms compared to the DSM IV-TR criteria. Nine of 29 (31.03%) respondents were assessed as having Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) based on the total "severity score method': However, none fulfilled the PTSD DSM IV TR criteria when the response "category scoring method" was used. Those who met the severity criteria had significantly higher scores in items 1 (Repeated, disturbing memories, thoughts, or images of a stressful experience from the past?), 3 (Suddenly acting or feeling as if a stressful experience were happening again?), 5 (Having physical reactions when something reminded you of a stressful experience from the past?), 6 (Avoid thinking about or talking about a stressful experience from the past or avoid having feelings related to it?) and 13 (Trouble falling or staying asleep?). Conclusion There seems to be a difference in how the Filipinos experience trauma compared to Western models such as described in the Diagnostic Symptom Manual (DSM IV TR) criteria though caution is warranted in interpreting the results due to the small sample size and the predominance of female respondents.
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Natural Disasters ; Cyclonic Storms

Burns ; Disasters ; Electrocoagulation ; Fires ; Hot Temperature ; Operating Rooms ; Oxygen ; Skin

PURPOSE: This study explored the factors influencing disaster response competency, that is, demographic and disaster-related characteristics, personal disaster (household and workplace) preparedness, disaster risk perception, and self-efficacy in handling disasters among emergency medical technicians in South Korea.METHODS: The study follows a descriptive, cross-sectional design and uses a self-reported questionnaire. Emergency medical technicians, amounting to 1,020 in all, currently working in firefighting organizations from four South Korean cities (Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, and Ulsan) participated in the study.RESULTS: Disaster risk perception, self-efficacy for disaster, participation experience in disaster education/training, and personal disaster (household and workplace) preparedness predicted the disaster response competency of emergency medical technicians in South Korea.CONCLUSION: There is a need for an antidisaster program to enhance the disaster risk perception, self-efficacy, personal disaster (household and workplace) preparedness, and the disaster education/training participation rate toward enhancing disaster response competency of emergency medical technicians in South Korea.
Daegu ; Disasters ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Technicians ; Humans ; Korea ; Self Efficacy

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the experience of volunteer psychiatrists who provided mental health interventions to adolescents and teachers of Danwon High School from April 16, 2014, to November 30, 2014. METHODS: Data for this study were collected from 72 volunteer psychiatrists about their intervention experiences for 212 adolescents and 32 teachers during the eight months following the disaster. Developmental survey themes were identified, and coding was used to analyze the data. In addition, qualitative data analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti (version 8.2, 2018, ATLAS.ti GmbH). RESULTS: A volunteer prepared with appropriate mental health interventions may facilitate the emergency response to a disaster. Intervention services included psychological first aid, psychoeducation, screening, anxiety reduction techniques, and group therapy. CONCLUSION: In the acute aftermath of the Sewol Ferry disaster of April 16, 2014, volunteer psychiatrists were able to provide mental health interventions in a disaster response setting. The outcomes from this study have important policy and mental health system implications for volunteer psychiatrists. The results of this study constitute the basis of a better understanding of the essential mechanisms of crisis interventions after a disaster.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Clinical Coding ; Crisis Intervention ; Disasters ; Emergencies ; First Aid ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Psychiatry ; Psychotherapy, Group ; Statistics as Topic ; Volunteers