The most common occlusal feature of Class I malocclusion is crowding. Crowded and irregular teeth occur in a majority of the population and are the most common complication in adults. This is a case report of a 21-year-old woman with moderate crowding and a missing lower left first molar. The first permanent molars are sometimes unnoticed by the child or their parents and bring a risk of caries to the first permanent molar. Caries in the first molars that persist without any treatment will give a poor prognosis. Treatment was performed using a fixed orthodontic appliance with the extraction of the two upper and one lower first premolars.
Angle Class I ; malocclusion ; tooth crowding ; tooth loss

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets during close person-to-person contact in a closed space, especially a building. This article summarizes the environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including a strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a building environment. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending on the conditions. If SARS-CoV-2 is aerosolized intentionally, it is stable for at least several hours. SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated rapidly on surfaces with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol transmission through smaller aerosolized particles is likely to be combined with respiratory droplets and contact transmission in a confined, crowded, and poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested by some cluster cases. Although evidence of the effect of aerosol transmission is limited and uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures to control indoor environmental quality are required, based on a precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages to public health, community, and the social economy. The expert panel for COVID-19 in Japan has focused on the "3 Cs," namely, "closed spaces with poor ventilation," "crowded spaces with many people," and "close contact." In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan has been recommending adequate ventilation in all closed spaces in accordance with the existing standards of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings as one of the initial political actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, specific standards for indoor environmental quality control have not been recommended and many scientific uncertainties remain regarding the infection dynamics and mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed indoor spaces. Further research and evaluation are required regarding the effect and role of indoor environmental quality control, especially ventilation.
Aerosols ; Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control* ; Betacoronavirus/physiology* ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission* ; Crowding ; Environment, Controlled ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention & control* ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission* ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Ventilation

PURPOSE: Boarding is a common problem in the emergency department (ED) and is associated with poor health care and outcome. Imam Khomeini Hospital is the main healthcare center in Urmia, a metropolis in the northwest of Iran. Due to the overcrowding and high patient load, we aim to characterize the rate, cause and consequence of boarding in the ED of this center. METHODS: All medical records of patients who presented to the ED of Imam Khomeini Hospital from August 1, 2017 to August 1, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with uncompleted records were excluded. Boarding was defined as the inability to transfer the admitted ED patients to a downstream ward in ≥2 h after the admission order. Demographic data, boarding rate, mortality and triage levels (1-5) assessed by emergency severity index were collected and analyzed. The first present time of patients was classified into 4 ranges as 0:00-5:59, 6:00-11:59, 12:00-17:59 and 18:00-23:59. Descriptive, parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were performed and the risk of boarding was determined by Pearson Chi-square test. RESULTS: Demographic data analysis showed that 941 (58.5%) male and 667 (41.5%) female, altogether 1608 patients were included in this study. Five patients (0.3%) died. The distribution of patients with the triage levels 1-5 was respectively 79 (4.9%), 1150 (71.5%), 374 (23.3%), 4 (0.2%) and 0 (0%). Most patients were of level 2. Only 75 (4.7%) patients required intensive care. The majority of patients (84.2%) were presented at weekdays. The maximum patient load was observed between 12:00-17:59. Of the 1608 patients, 340 (21.1%) experienced boarding within a mean admission time of 13.70 h. Among the 340-boarded patients, 20.1% belonged to surgery, 12.1% to orthopedics, 10.9% to neurosurgery and 10.3% to neurology. The boarding rate was higher in females, patients requiring intensive care and those with low triage levels. Compared with the non-boarded, the boarded patients had a higher mean age. CONCLUSION The boarding rate is higher in the older and female patients. Moreover, boarding is dependent on the downstream ward sections: patients requiring surgical management experience the maximum boarding rate.
Age Factors ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Crowding ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Hospital Mortality ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Iran ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Patient Admission ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Assessment/methods* ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Time Factors ; Triage

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) induces dysfunction of the orofacial muscles, leading to morphologic alteration of the face and dental malalignment. Early diagnosis and treatment of SDB is required in pediatric patients to ensure normal facial growth. Myofunctional therapy (MFT) is a modality for the treatment of SDB and prefabricated appliances can be used. Herein 2 cases of malocclusion with SDB, in which MFT with a prefabricated appliance was used for orthodontic treatment, have been described. SDB was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms taken by interview and home respiratory polygraphy. In both cases, SDB was improved using prefabricated appliance for MFT. However, resolution of crowding depended on the degree of crowding.
Child ; Crowding ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; Muscles ; Myofunctional Therapy ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes

Overcrowding with associated delays in patient care is a problem faced by emergency departments (EDs) worldwide. ED overcrowding can be the result of poor ED department design and prolonged throughput due to staffing, ancillary service performance, and flow processes. As such, the problem may be addressed by process improvements within the ED. A broad body of literature demonstrates that ED overcrowding can be a function of hospital capacity rather than an ED specific issue. Lack of institutional capacity leads to boarding in the ED with resultant ED crowding. This is a problem not solvable by the ED and must be addressed as an institution-wide problem. This paper discusses the causes of ED overcrowding, provides a brief overview of the drastic consequences, and discusses possible cures that have been successfully implemented.
Crowding ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Patient Care ; Patient Safety

Crowding is one of the most common findings in orthodontic patients. This case report describes the correction of anterior crowding with interproximal reduction (IPR). The case is that of a 24-year-old female patient who consulted for irregularly placed anterior teeth. Fixed appliances were placed followed by IPR. Treatment time was 18 months. Class I molar relation was maintained, with normal overjet and overbite. IPR is effective for treatment of patients with Class I malocclusion with anterior moderate crowding.
Crowding

Crowding and protrusion are some of the most common dental cases worldwide. The patient was a 20-year-old female who consulted for severe crowding, protrusion, and deep bite. Clinical examination and cephalometric measurement showed Class I skeletal and proclined incisor. Two step retraction technique was used to correct the condition. Management of tooth tissue discrepancy by the extraction of four premolars is one of the options in the treatment of crowding.
Crowding

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the effect of crowding and nurse staffing on time to antibiotic administration for pneumonia patients in an emergency department (ED). METHODS: The sample included pneumonia patients visiting an ED from November 1, 2014 to February 28, 2015. Crowding was measured using ED occupancy rate, nurse staffing was measured as total length of stay per nurse and number of patients per nurse and the time duration was measured for the following processes: from patient arrival to prescription, from prescription to blood culture and antibiotic administration, and from blood culture to antibiotic administration. Data collected from the electronic medical records were analyzed using multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The mean times from arrival to antibiotics administration, from prescription to antibiotic administration, and from blood culture to antibiotic administration were 128.31, 47.29, and 15.60 minutes, respectively. Crowding, nurse staffing, work experience of the nurse and severity of the patient influenced the time duration of each process from patient arrival to antibiotic administration. CONCLUSION: The results reveal that crowding and nurse staffing affect length of time to antibiotic administration in pneumonia patients. Guidelines for safe nurse staffing in ED are required to improve patient outcomes.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Crowding ; Electronic Health Records ; Emergencies ; Emergency Nursing ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pneumonia ; Prescriptions

As the adult population continues to increase, orthodontic treatment for adult patients is becoming more common. This case report describes comprehensive orthodontic treatment of a middle-aged patient with closure of the extraction space without prosthetic restoration. A 55-year-old woman with her maxillary left first premolar extracted because of a periodontal problem, wanted to close the space with orthodontic treatment. Since she had generalized crowding and mild skeletal discrepancy, we planned comprehensive orthodontic treatment, including closure of the extraction space by protraction of the left maxillary molars using miniscrews and aesthetic alignment of anterior teeth. The total treatment period was 28 months. As a result of these treatments, the extraction space was successfully closed, good tooth alignment and satisfactory occlusion were achieved.
Adult ; Bicuspid ; Crowding ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Molar ; Tooth

Osteopetrosis is characterized by impaired osteoclast function and increased bone density. Infantile osteopetrosis is a severe form of the disease and has characteristics such as diffusely sclerotic skeleton, pancytopenia, cranial nerve entrapment, infection susceptibility, and abnormal craniofacial appearance. Patients with infantile osteopetrosis often experience developmental delay, and may have a short life span.A 14-month-old girl with osteopetrosis presented to the department of pediatric dentistry. Incipient caries on deciduous incisors were observed. The patient revisited 4 years of age. Besides medical problems, oral complications such as growth retardation, narrow upper arch, crowding, dental caries, and abnormal tooth development were observed. After consultation with her pediatrician, dental treatments were performed on the deciduous molars under sedation after a prophylactic antibiotic injection. At a periodic follow-up, multiple deciduous teeth were treated and extracted, and oral-rehabilitation with a removable partial denture was initiated.Patient with osteopetrosis are highly susceptible to infection because of their compromised immune system and problems associated with wound healing that lead to osteomyelitis or sepsis development.Active participation in dental care for sugar intake management and proper oral hygiene are obligatory.
Bone Density ; Cranial Nerves ; Crowding ; Dental Care ; Dental Caries ; Denture, Partial, Removable ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immune System ; Incisor ; Infant ; Molar ; Oral Hygiene ; Osteoclasts ; Osteomyelitis ; Osteopetrosis ; Pancytopenia ; Pediatric Dentistry ; Sepsis ; Skeleton ; Tooth ; Tooth, Deciduous ; Wound Healing