The use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been widespread since the 1960s. In 2002, the World Health Organization estimated that approximately 160 million women worldwide use IUDs. However, IUDs are associated with short-term complications such as vaginal bleeding, pelvic discomfort, dyspareunia and pelvic infection. Herein, we report the case of a woman who had recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) due to the use of an IUD, even after treatment. The patient developed four episodes of UTI within a seven-month period after IUD insertion. During each episode of UTI, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) was cultured from the patient’s midstream urine. The IUD was finally removed, and culture of the removed IUD was positive for ESBL-producing E. coli. An infected IUD as a source of recurrent UTI should be considered in women with IUD in situ who develop recurrent UTI even after treatment.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Escherichia coli Infections ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intrauterine Devices ; adverse effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Recurrence ; Treatment Outcome ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; etiology ; microbiology ; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli ; enzymology ; beta-Lactamases ; metabolism

No abstract available.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Aortic Valve/*microbiology/surgery/ultrasonography ; Cross Infection/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects/*enzymology/pathogenicity ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Sepsis/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; beta-Lactamases/*metabolism

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We examined the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and the impact of ESBL on clinical outcomes in cancer patients with Enterobacter spp. bacteremia. METHODS: Using prospective cohort data on Enterobacter bacteremia obtained between January 2005 and November 2008 from a tertiary care center, the prevalence and clinical impact of ESBL production were evaluated. RESULTS: Two-hundred and three episodes of Enterobacter spp. bacteremia were identified. Thirty-one blood isolates (15.3%, 31/203) scored positive by the double-disk synergy test. Among 17 isolates in which ESBL genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, CTX-M (n = 12), SHV-12 (n = 11), and TEM (n = 4) were the most prevalent ESBL types. Prior usage of antimicrobial agents (77.4% vs. 54.0%, p = 0.02) and inappropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy (22.6% vs. 3.0%, p < 0.001) were more commonly encountered in the ESBL-positive group than in the extended-spectrum cephalosporin-susceptible ESBL-negative group, respectively. Clinical outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups (30-day mortality rate, 19.4% vs. 17.0%, p = 0.76; median length of hospital stay, 24.0 days vs. 30.5 days, p = 0.97). Initial presentation of severe sepsis/septic shock, pneumonia, and intra-abdominal infection were independently associated with 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ESBL-producing isolates was 15.3% in cancer patients with Enterobacter bacteremia. Although inappropriate empirical therapy was more common in the ESBL-positive group, ESBL production was not associated with poorer outcomes.
Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bacteremia/*complications/drug therapy/microbiology ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Enterobacter/*enzymology/genetics ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/*complications/drug therapy/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/*complications ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; beta-Lactamases/*biosynthesis/genetics

No abstract available.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; China ; Cilastatin/therapeutic use ; Citrobacter freundii/drug effects/*enzymology/isolation & purification ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Humans ; Imipenem/therapeutic use ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plasmids/*metabolism ; Respiratory Tract Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; beta-Lactamases/genetics/*metabolism

No abstract available.
Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cefotaxime/therapeutic use ; China ; Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use ; Citrobacter freundii/drug effects/*enzymology/isolation & purification ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Humans ; Imipenem/pharmacology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Respiratory Tract Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Thienamycins/pharmacology ; beta-Lactamases/*metabolism

No abstract available.
Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Alkaline Phosphatase/*blood ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Infectious/*drug therapy/*enzymology/microbiology ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/enzymology/microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Haemophilus influenzae type b/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Osteomyelitis/*drug therapy/*enzymology/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification ; Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification

Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production usually results in high-level resistance to most beta-lactams, and a rapid spread of MBL producing major gram-negative pathogens is a matter of particular concern worldwide. However, clinical data are scarce and most studies compared MBL producer (MP) with MBL non-producer (MNP) strains which included carbapenem susceptible isolates. Therefore, we collected clinical data of patients in whom imipenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) were isolated from sputum or urine, and investigated MBL production and the risk factors related with MBL acquisition. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were also compared between MPs and imipenem-nonsusceptible MNPs (INMNP). Among the 176 imipenem-nonsusceptible isolates, 12 MPs (6.8%) were identified. There was no identifiable risk factor that contributed to the acquisition of MPs when compared to INMNPs, and case-fatalities were not different between the two groups. The percentage of susceptible isolates was higher among MPs for piperacilin/tazobactam and fluoroquinolones while that of ceftazidime was higher in INMNPs (p < 0.05). As regards to aztreonam, which has been known to be a uniquely stable beta-lactam against MBLs, susceptibility was preserved in only two isolates (16.7%) among MPs, and was not higher than that of INMNPs (23.2%). In conclusion, the contribution of MBLs to imipenem non-susceptibility in PA/ABs isolated from sputum and urine was relatively limited, and there was no significant risk factor associated with acquisition of MPs compared with INMNPs. However, limited susceptibility to aztreonam implies that MPs may hold additional resistance mechanisms, such as extended spectrum beta-lactamases, AmpC beta-lactamases, or other non-enzymatic mechanisms.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects/*enzymology/isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/enzymology/microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea ; Sputum/*microbiology ; Urine/*microbiology ; beta-Lactam Resistance ; beta-Lactamases/*metabolism

OBJECTIVETo analyze the characteristic of bacterial infections, and the relationship between antibiotics treatment and bacterial infections after liver transplantation, and to prevent antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

METHODS86 liver transplant recipients were retrospected. Different indexes including limited daily dose, the frequency of medication, drug use index were used to evaluate the rationality of the use of antibiotics, three-dimensional test was used to explore extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC enzyme of Gram-negative bacteria.

RESULTSThe major pathogens of infection after liver transplantation were Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter cloacae, fungi and E. coli. Pre-operative antibiotic utilization rate was 83.7%, it was mainly a single use of antibiotics; After- operative antibiotic usage was 100.0%, it was mainly joint use of two or three antibiotics; The top 3 antibiotics used were cephalosporins, the combined enzyme inhibitors and penicillin. Antibiotics with drug utilization index (DUI) more than 1.1 included ampicillin and Lalin proxy. 43.3% and 31.8% of Gram -Negative bacteria produced ESBLs and AmpC, respectively, while 21.3% Gram -Negative bacteria produced two enzymes.

CONCLUSIONThere is high incidence of bacterial infections after liver transplantation. The use of antibiotics is high dose, high-frequency and reasonable; High resistance of bacterial infections was prone to develop and the prevention of the high resistance of bacterial infections is very important.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections ; drug therapy ; etiology ; microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; drug effects ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult ; beta-Lactamases ; biosynthesis

INTRODUCTIONImipenem and meropenem are treatment of choice for extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-positive gram-negative bacteraemia. They may select for carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ertapenem may not do so as it is inactive against these bacteria. Clinical efficacy of ertapenem in ESBL-producing gramnegative bacteraemia is limited.

MATERIALS AND METHODSRetrospective study of patients with ESBL-positive gram-negative bacteraemia treated with ertapenem was undertaken.

RESULTSForty-seven patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteraemia (79% produced ESBL) were treated with ertapenem for a median duration of 11 days. The median age was 70 years. Septic shock occurred in 19% and mechanical ventilation was needed in 17%. Klebsiella pneumoniae comprised 53% and Escherichia coli 26%. Urinary infection accounted for 61% and hepatobiliary 15%. Favourable clinical response occurred in 96%. Attributable mortality was 4%.

CONCLUSIONErtapenem is promising in culture-guided step-down therapy of ESBL-positive gram-negative bacteraemia.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Bacteremia ; drug therapy ; etiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Escherichia coli Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Humans ; Klebsiella Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Tract Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; beta-Lactamases ; biosynthesis ; beta-Lactams ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

Production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) is one of the most important resistance mechanisms that hamper the antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. ESBLs are classified into several groups according to their amino-acid sequence homology. While TEM and SHV enzymes were the most common ESBLs in the 1990s, CTX-M enzymes have spread rapidly among Enterobacteriaceae in the past decade. In addition, some epidemiological studies showed that organisms producing CTX-M enzymes had become increasingly prevalent in the community setting in certain areas in the world. Several novel enzymes with hydrolyzing activity against oxyimino-cephalosporins, albeit with additional enzymatic characteristics different from those of original TEM and SHV ESBLs (e.g., inhibitor-resistance), have been discovered and pose a problem on the definition of ESBLs. Although several methods to detect the production of ESBL are available in clinical laboratories, existence of other factors contributing resistance against beta-lactams, e.g., inducible production of Amp-C beta-lactamase by some species of Enterobacteriaceae, or inhibitor-resistance in some ESBLs may hinder the detection of ESBLs with these methods. Carbapenems are stable against hydrolyzing activity of ESBLs and are regarded as the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Although several other antimicrobial agents, such as fluoroquinolones and cephamycins, may have some role in the treatment of mild infections due to those organisms, clinical data that warrant the use of antimicrobial agents other than carbapenems in the treatment of serious infections due to those organisms are scarce for now.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Carbapenems/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests ; Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects/*enzymology/genetics ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; beta-Lactamases/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; beta-Lactams/*pharmacology/therapeutic use