PURPOSE: To determine associations of traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with sexual autonomy and identify factors influencing sexual autonomy among female university students of North Korean defectors. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed with a total of 103 female students who completed a structured online self-report survey from January 7 to March 31, 2018. This study was conducted using questionnaires on interpersonal trauma scale, the Traumatic Scale for North Korean Refugees (TSNKR), and sexual autonomy measurement for college students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression with SPSS WIN 23.0 program. RESULTS: Traumatic events, PTSD, and sexual autonomy scores were 3.96±3.07, 31.47±10.75, and 52.66±6.89, respectively. PTSD was positively correlated with traumatic events (r=.22, p=.030). Sexual autonomy was inversely correlated with PTSD (r=−.25, p=.010). Contraceptive use, PTSD, and voluntary sexual debut explained 26% of sexual autonomy of participants. CONCLUSION: To improve sexual autonomy of young women from North Korea, reproductive intervention programs including contraception, sexual assertiveness training, and psychoeducation to reduce PTSD need to be developed and implemented.
Assertiveness ; Contraception ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Female ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Personal Autonomy ; Refugees ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Stress Disorders, Traumatic

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the association among sexual double standard, dating violence recognition, and sexual assertiveness among Korean university students. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey study in January 2018, Korean university students (N = 322, years; 54.3% female) completed structured questionnaires with the double standard scale, dating violence recognition index, and sexual assertiveness index. The relationship among the variables was analyzed with Pearson's correlations and multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: There were significant correlations among sexual double standard, dating violence recognition, and sexual assertiveness. Sexual double standard (β = .12, p = .043) was determined to influence dating violence recognition. In addition, gender (β = .63, p < .001) and sexual double standard (β = .11, p = .015) were determined to influence dating violence recognition; the explanatory power was 43%. CONCLUSION: These findings will serve as a basis for the development of education programs that help university students to establish appropriate sexual values and enjoy a healthy sex life.
Assertiveness ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Humans ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Korea ; Reproductive Health ; Sexual Behavior ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of self-assertive training applying the reality therapy techniques (SATART) on self-esteem and internalized stigma of schizophrenia patients. METHODS: This study was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design and enrolled 55 people with schizophrenia (experimental group=27, control group=28) from two community mental health centers. The SATART was offered twice a week for 6 weeks in a total 12 sessions. Data were collected from February to April, 2017, using the Korean version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The collected data was analyzed using χ2 test, independent t-test, one-way ANCOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA with using the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant improvements in self-esteem and recudction of internalized stigma compared to the control group. However, there was no significant improvement on stigma resistance measurement among the subscales of internalized stigma between two groups. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the SATART program is effective and could be recommended as a psychosocial intervention for self-esteem enhancement and internalized stigma reduction of people with schizophrenia.
Assertiveness ; Community Mental Health Centers ; Humans ; Reality Therapy ; Schizophrenia ; Self Concept ; Social Stigma

OBJECTIVES: To examine the factors affecting passive exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in non-smoking student nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 196 college students who had not smoked cigarettes in the past 12 months. Urinary cotinine levels were examined to identify exposure to SHS, and social factors were identified that influenced exposure to SHS, including requests that smokers extinguish cigarettes. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict the factors influencing SHS. RESULTS: Urinary cotinine measurements showed that 32 students (16.3%) were exposed to SHS. Risk factors that increased exposure to SHS affected 80 students (40.8%) in the previous 7 days. Students who were exposed to SHS were 4.45-times more likely to have increased urinary cotinine levels than those who were not exposed. Students who asked others to extinguish their cigarettes were 0.34 times less likely to test positive than those who did not. CONCLUSION: Urinary cotinine was a useful biomarker for identifying exposure to SHS, with respect to the influence of demographic, health-related, and smoking-related factors. In non-smoking nursing students, avoiding exposure to SHS was attributed to self-assertive behavior by requesting smokers to extinguish cigarettes.
Assertiveness ; Cotinine ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Logistic Models ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Students, Nursing ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore perioperative nurses' communication experience within the surgical team with regard to patient safety. METHODS: Data were collected from December 2015 to September 2016, through in-depth individual interviews with 14 perioperative nurses. Individual interviews, once or twice, lasted from 40 minutes to one hour for each session. The main interview question was “How do you describe your communication experience with surgical team members as a perioperative nurse?” Collected data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis. RESULTS: Two categories of the perioperative nurses' experience of communication were identified: communication contributing to patient safety, communication hindering patient safety. Communication in the surgical team reflected on the unique features of the operating room, such as urgency and a hierarchical organizational culture. However, the nurses recognized ineffective communication could impact on patient safety, and endeavored to overcome communication failures. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that sharing responsibility, open communication, assertiveness on safety issues, and interprofessional collaboration in the operating room are necessary to ensure effective communication. Thus, respectful culture and an open communication climate based on interprofessional understanding are required to improve communication. Training programs to enhance communication skills should be implemented.
Assertiveness ; Climate ; Cooperative Behavior ; Education ; Humans ; Operating Rooms ; Organizational Culture ; Patient Safety ; Qualitative Research

PURPOSE: The study was done to investigate the influence of voice behavior, self-esteem and sexual knowledge on sexual assertiveness of nursing college students.METHODS: A structured self-report questionnaire was used to measure voice behavior, self-esteem, sexual knowledge and sexual assertiveness. During March, 2019, data were collected from 133 nursing students in D city and G city. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple linear regression with the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program.RESULTS: Voice behavior and self-esteem were positively correlated with the sexual assertiveness of participants, while voice behavior was positively correlated with the self-esteem of participants. Also, self-esteem was a significant predictor of sexual assertiveness in nursing college students. The predictor explained 12% of their sexual assertiveness.CONCLUSION: The finding indicates that self-esteem is an important factor for sexual assertiveness of nursing students. It is also expected that self-esteem can further promote their sexual assertiveness.
Assertiveness ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Nursing ; Reproductive Health ; Students, Nursing ; Voice

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting nursing students' attitudes toward nurse-physician collaboration. METHODS: The subjects were 200 nursing students from a college in K city, and the participants were recruited by posting a recruitment announcement. Data were collected from June 26 to 29, 2018 and analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Sheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: Attitudes toward nurse-physician collaboration showed a statistically significant difference according to grade, the reflection of opinion within the family, and the number of the counselor in general characteristics. Assertiveness and attitudes toward nurse-physician collaboration showed weak positive correlation (r=.18, p=.011). In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the most affecting factor was junior grade (β=.25), followed by positive assertiveness (β=.18) and the number of the counselor (β=.14). These variables explained 12.0% of the total variance in attitudes towards nurse-physician collaboration. CONCLUSION: To create positive attitudes toward collaboration between nurses and physicians in nursing students, various educational programs related to assertiveness on communication skills need to be provided from the lower grades. Also, a multidisciplinary simulation program should be developed and applied to be able to experience the situation of nurses and physicians.
Assertiveness* ; Cooperative Behavior* ; Counseling ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the level of sexual assertiveness in women students in nursing and also, to investigate factors that influence sexual assertiveness. METHODS: In this study, 373 women students in nursing who were enrolled in a university in B city, Korea and who gave written consent completed the questionnaire between May 15 and May 30, 2016. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression. RESULTS: The level of sexual assertiveness in the women students in nursing was 54.84±5.82. Sexual assertiveness showed negative correlations with gender role stereotypes (r=-.37, p<.001), and permissiveness of dating violence (r=-.15, p<.005), and a positive correlation with self-esteem (r=.36, p<.001). Models including the variables explained 18% of the variance for sexual assertiveness. Gender role stereotypes and self-esteem were the influential factors. CONCLUSION: Based on the outcomes of this study, it is necessary to design intervention programs that emphasize sexual assertiveness of women students in nursing.
Assertiveness* ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Korea ; Nursing* ; Permissiveness

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop assertiveness training applying Dongsasub training for junior nursing students, and to verify effectiveness of the training on assertiveness behavior, self-esteem, clinical practice stress, and clinical competence. METHODS: The study design was a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Participants were 63 nursing students in clinical training (31 students in the experimental group and 32 students in the control group). The assertiveness training applying Dongsasub training consisted of four sessions. Outcome variables included assertiveness behavior, self-esteem, clinical practice stress, and clinical competence. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test and independent samples t-test with SPSS/WIN 21.0. RESULTS: Scores of assertiveness behavior (t=-2.49, p=.015), self-esteem (t=-4.80, p<.001) and clinical competence (t=-2.33, p=.023) were significantly higher and clinical practice stress (t=4.22, p<.001) was significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that the assertiveness training applying Dongsasub training can be used as a nursing intervention to lower clinical practice stress and improve the clinical competence of nursing students.
Assertiveness* ; Clinical Competence ; Humans ; Meditation ; Nursing* ; Self Concept ; Stress, Psychological ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the assertive behavior of asking smokers not to smoke and investigate the factors related to assertive behavior in patients with vascular diseases. METHODS: Participants were 203 adult Korean patients with vascular diseases such as cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction. Data were collected using questionnaires that included the characteristics of secondhand smoke (SHS), secondhand smoke-related variables (Health belief model factors, health promotion model factors) and level of assertive behavior. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 18.0 were performed. RESULTS: Participants who never ask smokers not to smoke was 39.9%, whereas participants who always ask was 7.4%. There was a weak positive relationship between assertive behavior and susceptibility to disease (r=.18), severity of disease (r=.19), benefit of assertive behavior to SHS exposure (r=.10), barrier of assertive behavior to SHS exposure (r=.24), and self-rated health (r=.21) respectively. There was a moderate positive relationship between assertive behavior and self-efficacy of assertive behavior to SHS exposure (r=.49). Health belief model factors explained 15.7% variance and health promotion model factors explained 27.0% of assertive behavior. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that self-efficacy of assertive behavior to SHS exposure is a very important factor. Therefore the development of a program to foster self-efficacy of assertive behavior regarding SHS exposure in patients with vascular diseases is needed.
Adult ; Assertiveness ; Cerebral Infarction ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Smoke* ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; Vascular Diseases*