Association of cardiovascular diseases with milk intake among general Chinese adults.
10.1097/CM9.0000000000000786
- VernacularTitle:Association of cardiovascular diseases with milk intake among general Chinese adults
- Author:
Xin-Yan WANG
1
;
Fang-Chao LIU
1
;
Xue-Li YANG
1
;
Jian-Xin LI
1
;
Jie CAO
1
;
Xiang-Feng LU
1
;
Jian-Feng HUANG
1
;
Ying LI
1
;
Ji-Chun CHEN
1
;
Lian-Cheng ZHAO
2
;
Chong SHEN
3
;
Dong-Sheng HU
4
;
Ying-Xin ZHAO
5
;
Ling YU
6
;
Xiao-Qing LIU
7
;
Xian-Ping WU
8
;
Dong-Feng GU
1
Author Information
1. Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
2. Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China.
3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.
4. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
5. Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 271000, China.
6. Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial People's Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China.
7. Division of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
8. Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
- Publication Type:Journal Article
- From:
Chinese Medical Journal
2020;133(10):1144-1154
- CountryChina
- Language:English
-
Abstract:
BACKGROUND:The association of milk intake with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cause-specific mortality remained controversial and evidence among the Chinese population was limited. We aimed to study the relationship between milk intake and CVDs among general Chinese adults.
METHODS:A total of 104,957 participants received questionnaire survey. Results of physical examination such as anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests during 2007 to 2008, demographic data and their information on milk intake were collected through standardized questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CVD incidence, cause-specific mortality and all-cause mortality related to milk intake. Restricted cubic splines (RCSs) were applied to examine dose-response associations.
RESULTS:Among the 91,757 participants with a median follow-up period of 5.8 years, we documented 3877 CVD cases and 4091 all-cause deaths. Compared with participants who never consumed milk, the multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of CVD incidence for 1 to 150 g/day, 151 to 299 g/day, and ≥300 g/day were 0.94 (0.86-1.03) (P > 0.05), 0.77 (0.66-0.89) (P < 0.05), and 0.59 (0.40-0.89) (P < 0.05), respectively; each 100 g increase of daily milk intake was associated with 11% lower risk of CVD incidence (HR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.85-0.94; P < 0.001), and 11% lower risk of CVD mortality (HR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82-0.97; P = 0.008) after adjustment for age, sex, residential area, geographic region, education level, family history of CVD, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity level, body mass index, and healthy diet status (ideal or not). RCS analyses also showed a linear dose-response relationship with CVD (P for overall significance of the curve <0.001; P for non-linearity = 0.979; P for linearity <0.001) and stroke (P for overall significance of the curve = 0.010; P for non-linearity = 0.998; P for linearity = 0.002) incidence, and CVD mortality (P for overall significance of the curve = 0.045; P for non-linearity = 0.768; P for linearity = 0.014) within the current range of daily milk intake.
CONCLUSIONS:Daily milk intake was associated with lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality in a linear inverse relationship. The findings provide new evidence for dietary recommendations in CVD prevention among Chinese adults and people with similar dietary pattern in other countries.
