Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Milk Hypersensitivity/therapy* ; Consensus ; Immunoglobulin E ; Milk Proteins

Objective: To evaluate the association between immunoglobulin concentration and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults in Tianjin City. Methods: Based on the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIHealth) cohort from January 2010 to December 2018, subjects who had completed the measurement of baseline immunoglobulin concentration and blood glucose concentration and not been diagnosed with any type of diabetes at baseline were selected in this study. The collected data included the concentration of serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE), fasting blood glucose and other potential confounders. The subjects were divided into four groups from Q₁ to Q₄ according to the quartiles of baseline immunoglobulin concentration. The multivariable Cox regression model was used to assess the association between the baseline immunoglobulin concentration and T2DM. Results: A total of 6 315 subjects aged (50.1±10.0) years were included. About 390 subjects were newly diagnosed with T2DM during the follow-up period. The incidence rate was 16.8/1 000 person-years. After adjusting for age, sex, waist circumference, smoking status, drinking status, eosinophil ratio, metabolic syndrome, first-or second-degree family history, and reciprocal adjusting for other immunoglobulin concentrations, compared to the lowest quartile concentration group Q₁, subjects in group Q₄ with the highest quartile of IgG concentration showed a lower risk of T2DM (HR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.52-0.97), and subjects in group Q₄ with the highest quartile of IgM concentration also had a decreased risk of T2DM (HR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.47-0.91). Subjects in group Q₄ with the highest quartile of IgA concentration had an increased risk of T2DM (HR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.18-2.07). The risk of T2DM decreased with the increase of serum IgG and IgM concentrations (P_trend=0.018, P_trend=0.010) and increased with the increase of serum IgA concentrations (P_trend<0.001). No association was found between the concentration of IgE and T2DM risk (HR=0.99, 95%CI: 0.74-1.31, P_trend=0.891). Conclusion: The concentration of IgG and IgM is negatively associated with the risk of T2DM, and the concentration of IgA is positively associated with the risk of T2DM in Tianjin City. The concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA could be a predictor of hyperglycemia and T2DM.
Humans ; Adult ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Prospective Studies ; Blood Glucose ; Inflammation/complications* ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin E ; Risk Factors

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of children with IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and provide a basis for disease management and prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze 142 children aged 0-12 years who were diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMPA in Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital from 2020 to 2022. There were 79 males (55.6%) and 63 females (44.4%), with an average age of 14 (8, 27) months. 61 cases (43.0%) were in the <1-year-old group, 54 cases (38.0%) in the 1-3-year-old group, and 27 cases (19.0%) in the >3-year-old group. Data on demographic data, clinical manifestations, mean wheel diameter of skin prick test and serum specific IgE level were collected. The serum cow's milk protein sIgE and component sIgE were measured by ImmunoCAP fully automated system of fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and statistically analyzed using chi-square test, nonparametric tests, correlation. Results: Cutaneous symptoms were the first and most frequent in 142 children (97.9%, 139/142 cases), followed by digestive (29.6%, 42/142 cases) and respiratory symptoms (27.5%, 39/142 cases).The proportion of children with respiratory symptoms after consuming cow's milk was significantly higher in the>3 years age group than those in the infant and toddler groups(66.7% vs 19.7%,χ²=18.396,P<0.01;66.7% vs 16.7%,χ²=20.250,P<0.01), and the symptoms involving ≥3 systems were also significantly higher than those in the other two groups(37.0% vs 13.1%,χ²=6.597,P<0.05;37.0% vs 7.4%,χ²=12.120,P<0.01). The average cow's milk SPT diameter and serum sIgE levels in the>3 years age group were significantly higher than those in the infant and toddler groups (Z=-4.682, P<0.01; Z=-3.498, P<0.01); (Z=-4.463, P<0.01; Z=-6.463, P<0.01). The most common cow's milk component protein were β-lactoglobulin(65.1%,56/86 cases) and casein (57.0%, 49/86 cases). Multiple-sensitization rate of the patients were 54.9%. Egg white (43.7%, 62/142 cases) was the most common co-sensitization food allergen while mold (12.7%, 18/142 cases) and weed pollen (12.7%, 18/142 cases) were the main co-sensitization aeroallergens. The proportion of multiple-sensitization to aeroallergens in the children group was the highest (51.9%, 14/27 cases), followed by the toddler group (29.6%, 16/54 cases), and the infant group was the least (3.3%, 2/61 cases). There was a significant difference among these three groups (χ²=7.476, P<0.05). Conclusion: Skin and mucosal symptoms are the most common in CMPA patients. The proportion of respiratory symptoms and multisystem involvement increased with age as well as the wheal diameter in skin test and serum sIgE level elevated. CMPA patients older than 3 years had the highest proportion of aeroallergen sensitization and airway allergic diseases.
Male ; Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Child ; Humans ; Milk Hypersensitivity/diagnosis* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Allergens ; Immunoglobulin E

Pollen food allergy syndrome (PFAS) is an IgE-mediated allergic reaction that occurs when some pollinosis patients ingest certain plant-derived food that contains cross-reactive allergenic components. PFAS is prevalent in both children and adult pollinosis patients. In most cases, PFAS symptoms are confined to the oropharynx and occur within several minutes after oral contact with food. Therefore, PFAS has been also referred as oral allergy syndrome (OAS). A small proportion of PFAS patients would experience systemic symptoms or anaphylaxis. Currently, the diagnosis of PFAS is mainly based on clinical history and allergic tests [skin prick tests and(or) serum specific IgE tests]. Oral provocation tests are used to verify atypical patients. Component-resolved diagnosis is essential for further precise diagnosis and treatment. Management options for PFAS include lifestyle adjustment, symptomatic medication, and immunotherapy. The efficacy and appropriate population for immunotherapy need further investigation. This article aims to update the knowledge on epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical management of PFAS, thereby enhancing clinicians' understanding as well as treatment progress of this disease entity.
Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy* ; Syndrome ; Food Hypersensitivity/therapy* ; Pollen ; Fluorocarbons ; Immunoglobulin E

To investigate the common specific immunoglobulin E(sIgE) in children with eczema and urticaria, compare the allergies in children with different diseases, genders and ages, and provide the scientific basis for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the children who were suspected of eczema and urticaria and tested for serum sIgE in the Tianjin Children's Hospital from December 2019 to August 2021. A total of 8 092 serum samples were tested for ten food allergens and ten inhaled allergens. The method was the enzyme-linked immune capture assay. The allergen epidemiological characteristics were statistically analyzed by Chi square test based on the children's characteristics and factors such as different sexes and ages and by the mass data. The results showed that the positive rate of eczema was 64.42%(5 213/8 092), and the urticaria was 35.58%(2 879/8 092). The positive rate of specific IgE was 66.65%(5 393/8 092), the food allergens was 61.74%(4 996/8 092), and the inhaled allergens was 34.85%(2 820/8 092). The top three positive rates of food allergens were egg 46.65%(3 775/8 092), milk 32.64%(2 641/8 092) and wheat flour 15.08%(1 220/8 092). The top three positive rates of inhaled allergens were house dust 21.40%(1 732/8 092), Alternaria 11.78%(953/8 092) and Dermatophagoides farinae 7.33%(593/8 092). The positivity of food allergens and inhaled allergens was significantly different in different age groups. The positive rates of food allergens in different age groups were 48.92%(947/1 936) in<1 year old, 72.28%(2 680/3 708) in 1-3 years old, 64.58%(919/1 423) in 4-6 years old and 43.90%(450/1 025) in>6 years old. The positive rates of inhaled allergens in different age groups were 17.67%(342/1 936) in<1 year old, 36.35%(1 348/3 708) in 1-3 years old, 46.38%(660/1 423) in 4-6 years old and 45.85%(470/1 025) in>6 years old. The top six positive rates of allergens of eczema were the same with urticaria, which were egg, milk, house dust, wheat flour, Alternaria and Dermatophagoides farinae. The allergens (greater than or equal to grade 4) differed in children with eczema and urticaria. Moreover, there were significant differences in the positive rates of Alternaria, egg, wheat flour, crab and shrimp. In conclusion, this study can reflect the epidemic characteristics of allergens in children with eczema and urticaria to a certain extent. There were significant differences in the positive rates of allergens between different age groups. It is necessary to reasonably avoid the high-risk allergens according to the epidemiological characteristics and clinical symptoms, which provide valuable information for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.
Infant ; Child ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Flour ; Retrospective Studies ; Triticum ; Urticaria/epidemiology* ; Eczema/epidemiology* ; Hospitals ; Immunoglobulin E ; Allergens ; Dust

Objectives: In order to provide valuable information for the diagnosis and treatment of dermatitis, the prevalence rate and trend changes of common allergens in patients with allergic skin diseases in Beijing City were investigated and analyzed. Methods: This study was a retrospective data collection study. A total of 2 822 patients diagnosed with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis with allergen examinations were collected from Peking University First Hospital from 2017 to 2021, most of them were adults, and 83%(2 340/2 822) were over 18 years old. The ImmunoCAP fluorescent enzyme-linked immunoassay system was used to quantify specific IgE. The positive rate of each allergen was counted according to age, gender and year. The epidemiological characteristics and trends were analyzed. Results: In the past five years, 22 503 allergen-specific IgE test data were collected, and the positive rate of allergens in 40%(1 122/2 822) of the 2 822 patients was mainly multiple sensitization, the positive rate of allergens and multiple sensitization rates were the highest in people aged 13-18 years old. The 2 822 patients were dominated by inhaled allergens, and the highest positive rate was inhaled mixture (29.3%). The top five positive rates of inhaled allergens were Dermatophagoides farina (26.7%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (25.5%), Mugwort (23.9%), Birch pollen (19.2%) and Siberian cocklebur (18.2%). The top five positive rates of food allergens were shrimp (15.2%), peanut (14.8%), sesame (14.7%), wheat (13.2%) and milk (13.1%). Analysis of the positive rate of allergens in different age groups showed except for the positive rate of birch pollen peaked at 3-12 years old, other inhaled allergens were the highest food allergens in 13-18 years old. Among food allergens, the positive rates of fx5, milk, egg and wheat were the highest in <3 years old, the positive rate decreased gradually with age, and the positive rate of other food allergens peaked at 13-18 years old, and the shrimp and crab was the highest in adult. The positive rate of various allergens in the 2 822 patients showed little difference between male and female and the male was slightly higher than female. In the past five years, the positive rate of allergens has been on the rise. The changes of inhaled allergens in cat/dog hair dander, Dermatophagoides farina and cicadas were large, while the positive rate of food allergens was stable. Conclusions: The etiology of the allergic skin diseases is complex, which may be related to allergen exposure, heredity, immunity, environmental factors, abnormal skin barrier function, etc. This study showed the distribution of allergens in patients with allergic skin diseases in Beijing City to a certain extent. It provided epidemiological data and clinical evidence for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.
Adult ; Animals ; Dogs ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Allergens ; Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Hospitals ; Immunoglobulin E

Objective: To investigate the natural history and risk factors for continued allergy in infants with IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study that included 72 infants under 24 months of age diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMPA in the allergy clinic of the Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from October 2019 to November 2020. General information, clinical manifestations, serum total IgE, cow's milk specific IgE, and cow's milk protein component specific IgE were collected. Follow-ups were conducted at 24 and 36 months of age, and the patients were divided into the persistent allergy group and the tolerance group based on whether they developed cow's milk tolerance at 36 months of age. Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and binary Logistic regression were used for intergroup comparison and multivariate analysis. Results: Among the 72 CMPA children, there were 42 boys and 30 girls, with an age of 10 (7, 15) months at enrollment. Cow's milk protein tolerance was observed in 32 cases (44%) and 46 cases (64%) at 24 and 36 months of age, respectively. There were 26 cases in the persistent allergy group and 46 cases in the tolerance group. The proportion of respiratory symptoms, history of wheezing, positive specific IgE for α-lactalbumin and the total IgE level in the persistent allergy group were higher than that in the tolerance group (7 cases (27%) vs. 0, 6 cases (23%) vs. 2 cases (4%), 67% (14/21) vs. 26% (10/39), 225 (151, 616) vs. 48 (21, 185) kU/L, χ²=10.82, 4.16, 9.57, Z=4.07, all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that anaphylaxis (OR=21.14, 95%CI 2.55-175.14, P=0.005), a history of allergic rhinitis (OR=5.94, 95%CI 1.54-22.86, P=0.005), elevated milk specific IgE (OR=1.04, 95%CI 1.01-1.08, P=0.024), and positive casein specific IgE (OR=6.64, 95%CI 1.39-31.69, P=0.018) were risk factors for continuous CMPA. Conclusions: Most infants with IgE-mediated CMPA can achieve tolerance within 3 years. Anaphylaxis, a history of allergic rhinitis, elevated milk specific IgE levels, and casein sensitization are risk factors for continuous allergy.
Male ; Animals ; Female ; Cattle ; Infant ; Humans ; Child ; Milk Hypersensitivity/diagnosis* ; Caseins ; Prospective Studies ; Anaphylaxis ; Risk Factors ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Immunoglobulin E ; Milk Proteins/adverse effects*

Objective To investigate the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) MRAK08838 regulates macrophage function to influence the development of asthmatic airway inflammation. Methods MRAK088388 gene knockout (MRAK088388^-/-) mouse model was prepared and allergic asthma was induced by dust mite protein Dermatophagoides farinae 1 (Der f1). The mice were sacrificed after 28 days of modeling, and serum was collected to measure IgE and IgG. The FinePointe RC system was used to measure airway hyperresponsiveness and evaluate lung function in mice. Lung tissue was taken for HE staining, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was used to evaluate inflammatory infiltration and mucus secretion in mouse lungs. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of lncRNA MRAK08838 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells and lung tissue of asthmatic mice. ELISA was used to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10 and IL-17A. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the phenotype of macrophages in BALF and lung tissue, as well as the proportion of neutrophils, eosinophils, and alveolar macrophages. The changes of the above indicators were detected in mice by adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Results Under the challengle of Der f1, MRAK088388^-/- mice showed reduced allergic airway inflammation, including reduced eosinophils in BALF and reduced production of IgE and IgG1. In addition, Der f1-treated MRAK088388^-/- mice had fewer M2 macrophages than wild-type asthmatic mice. Wild-type mouse BMDM (M0) and Der f1-treated MRAK088388^-/- mice also showed mild inflammatory response. Conclusion Knockout of MRAK088388 alleviates airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by inhibiting M2 polarization of airway macrophages.
Animals ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics* ; Asthma/genetics* ; Macrophages ; Immunoglobulin E

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of probiotics supplementation on the natural killer T cell (NKT cell) and inflammatory factors in children with sepsis and its protective effect on long-term lung function. METHODS: A total of 100 children with sepsis admitted to the department of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from March 2021 to May 2022 were selected as the research objects. The children were randomly divided into placebo group and probiotic group, 50 cases in each group. In addition to the conventional treatment, the probiotic group was given oral or nasal administration of 0.5 g probiotics, three times a day for 30 days, and the placebo group received oral placebo. 40 healthy children were selected as the healthy control group. The levels of interleukins (IL-4, IL-10), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and immunoglobulin E (IgE), percentages of NKT cell in blood and induced sputum, lung function of the two groups of children with sepsis were measured before treatment, 7 days after treatment, and during follow-up. All these data were compared with those of healthy children. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the incidence of cough varied cough (CVA) between the two septic groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the influence of various factors on the proportion of NKT cells in induced sputum. RESULTS: In the placebo group, 2 cases died and 4 cases were lost to follow-up. In the probiotics group, 3 cases died and 5 cases were lost to follow-up. All the inflammatory factors of two groups decreased slowly after 7 day after treatment. There was no significance in the parameters of the two groups, but the levels of probiotic group declined more evidently. During the follow-up, a further decrease of inflammatory factors in probiotic group could be found, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly different from those in the placebo group [IL-4 (ng/L): 20.3±9.3 vs. 27.6±11.9, IL-10 (ng/L): 23.1±6.8 vs. 14.4±4.4, both P < 0.05], with a significant decrease in IgE level (μg/L: 53.0±15.6 vs. 64.2±16.9, P < 0.05]. The results of flow cytometry showed that the percentage of NKT cell in peripheral blood in two septic groups decreased gradually, and the proportion of peripheral blood NKT cells in the probiotics group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group after 7 days of treatment [(4.2±0.9)% vs. (5.3±1.2)%, P < 0.05]. In the follow-up, the level of NKT cell in peripheral blood and induced sputum in probiotic group were lower than the placebo group [peripheral blood: (0.024±0.009)% vs. (0.029±0.008)%, induced sputum: (0.025±0.008)% vs. (0.035±0.01)%, both P < 0.05], which were similar to those in the healthy control group. Meanwhile, the percentage of predicted peak expiratory (PEF%) and ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) of probiotic group were higher than those in the placebo group [PEF%: (91.3±4.8)% vs. (85.8±8.6)%, FEV1/FVC ratio: (91.8±4.7)% vs. (87.2±7.4)%, both P < 0.05]. Although there was no significance in the incidence of CVA between two septic groups according to the Kaplan-Meier curve analysis, multiple linear regression analysis showed mechanical ventilation and allergic history were the risk factors for the increase of NKT cells [β values were 0.584, 0.601, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were 0.069 to 1.099, 0.011 to 1.192, P = 0.027, 0.046], and probiotics was an independent protective factor for the relieve of increase in NKT cells (β value was -0.984,95%CI was -1.378 to -0.591, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Application of probiotics to septic children early could promote the recovery of NKT cell and inflammatory factors, and alleviate the lung function injury induced by them during follow-up, which is helpful to improve the long-term prognosis of the patients.
Child ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-4 ; Sepsis ; Probiotics/therapeutic use* ; Lung ; Cough ; Immunoglobulin E

Objective To investigate the preventive therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of single chain variable fragments chimeric protein (SD) of ovalbumin epitopes internalizing receptor DEC-205 antibody on food allergy in mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided to five groups (control, PBS, scFv DEC 100 μg, SD 50 μg, SD 100 μg) and treated for 24 hours before OVA administration. After challenge, the serum level of OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2a and IL-4 were detected by ELISA. Infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in the jejunum was observed by HE staining and toluidine blue staining respectively. The bone marrow of tibia and femur was isolated and cultured to obtain immature dendritic cells(BMDCs), which were further treated with LPS (10 ng/mL), TSLP (50 ng/mL), scFv DEC protein (1000 ng/mL) and SD protein (10,100,1000)ng/mL for 24 hours, and the IL-10 level of supernatant was assayed by ELISA. Results Compared with PBS group, the number of SD-treated mice with diarrhea was markedly reduced. The difference in rectal temperature and the levels of serum OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2a and IL-4 decreased significantly after prophylactic administration of SD; The number of eosinophils and mast cells in jejunum also decreased significantly while the IL-10 level in the supernatant of BMDCs increased significantly after SD intervention. Conclusion SD mitigates experimental FA response by fosters the immune tolerance property of dendritic cells.
Mice ; Animals ; Ovalbumin ; Interleukin-10 ; Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics* ; Immunoglobulin E ; Epitopes/therapeutic use* ; Interleukin-4 ; Food Hypersensitivity/prevention & control* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics* ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Disease Models, Animal