Advancements in retinal imaging have enhanced our understanding of retinal diseases,but a single diagnos-tic test is insufficient.Diagnostic and management strategies increasingly involve the integration of multiple imaging modali-ties.The American Society of Retina Specialists Clinical Practice Guidelines on Multimodal Imaging for Retinal Disease elaborates on various imaging methods such as OCT,B-scan ultrasonography,fluorescein angiography,indocyanine green angiography,OCTA,and fundus autofluorescence.This article provides a comprehensive interpretation of the guideline,ai-ming to provide medical professionals with information on different aspects of retinal structure and function,thus assisting in the diagnosis and management of retinal diseases.

Objective To investigate the effects of the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 on the apoptosis of photore-ceptor cells and the Notch pathway in rats with retinal photochemical damage(RPD).Methods Male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into the Control group(normally fed rats,intraperitoneal injection of an equal volume of saline),RPD group(RPD model rats,intraperitoneal injection of an equal volume of saline),Ferrostatin-1 group(RPD model rats,intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg·kg-1 Ferrostatin-1),and Ferrostatin-1+JFC group[RPD model rats,intrap-eritoneal injection of 5 mg·kg-1 Ferrostatin-1 and 0.5 mg·kg-1 Jagged1/FC chimeric protein(JFC,a Notch pathway acti-vator)],with 15 rats in each group.The retinal histopathology of rats in each group was evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.The apoptosis of photoreceptor cells was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)assay.The expression level of ferrous ions(Fe2+),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),malondialde-hyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH),and reactive oxygen species(ROS)in retinal tissues was measured using corresponding kits.Western blot was performed to assess the protein expression of transferrin receptor protein 1(TfR1),divalent metal transporter 1(DMT1),nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11),recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),cleaved Caspase-3,Notch,and hairy and enhancer of split 1(Hes1).Results The thickness of the outer nuclear layer(ONL)in the Control group,RPD group,Ferrostatin-1 group,and Fer-rostatin-1+JFC group was(35.24±1.76)μm,(16.83±1.14)μm,(27.56±1.39)μm,and(21.48±1.23)μm,respec-tively;the apoptosis rate of photoreceptor cells in the four groups was(1.32±0.07)％,(18.57±1.63)％,(9.61±1.04)％,and(15.43±1.38)％,respectively.Compared with the Ferrostatin-1 group,the Ferrostatin-1+JFC group exhib-ited an aggravated retinal damage level,reduced ONL thickness,and increased apoptosis rate,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The expression level of Fe2+,MDA,LDH,and ROS and the relative protein expres-sion level of TfR1,DMT1,cleaved Caspase-3,Notch,and Hes1 in the RPD group were higher than those in the Control group;while the expression level of GSH and the relative protein expression level of Nrf2,SLC7A11,and GPX4 were lower than those in the Control group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Compared with the RPD group,the Ferrostatin-1 group displayed a decrease in the expression level of Fe2+,MDA,LDH,and ROS and the relative protein expression level of TfR1,DMT1,cleaved Caspase-3,Notch,and Hes1 but an increase in the expression level of GSH and the relative protein expression level of Nrf2,SLC7A11,and GPX4,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The expression level of Fe2+,MDA,LDH,and ROS and the relative protein expression level of TfR1,DMT1,cleaved Caspase-3,Notch,and Hes1 in the Ferrostatin-1+JFC group were higher than those in the Ferrostatin-1 group;while the expression level of GSH and the relative protein expression level of Nrf2,SLC7A11,and GPX4 were lower than those in the Ferrostatin-1 group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Fer-rostatin-1 may alleviate retinal oxidative stress and the apoptosis of photoreceptor cells in RPD rats by inhibiting the Notch pathway,thereby mitigating retinal damage.

Objective To investigate the effects of the gene expression of carbohydrate response element binding protein(ChREBP)on human retinal microvascular endothelial cell(hRMEC)injury and angiogenesis under high-glucose conditions.Methods The hRMECs after 4-6 passages were added to a serum-free medium and cultured for 6 hours.Then,these hRMECs were treated by a normal concentration of glucose(5.6 mmol·L-1),a normal concentration of glu-cose+mannitol(24.4 mmol·L-1),a high concentration of glucose(30.0 mmol·L-1),blank siRNA+a high concentra-tion of glucose,and ChREBP siRNA+a high concentration of glucose,which were designed as the control group,hyperos-motic group,high-glucose alone group,blank siRNA group,and ChREBP knockdown group,respectively.Subsequently,these hRMECs were transfected with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX for 24 hours.Western blot was used to analyze the expression of ChREBP in hRMECs under high-glucose conditions.The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)assay,cell scratch assay,Transwell migration assay,and tube formation assay were conducted to analyze the apoptosis and migration of these cells and capillary angiogenesis.Normal ChREBP-expressing wild-type mice and ChREBP-knockout mutant mice were selected to construct corresponding animal models,and the number of retinal angiogenic sprouts was counted under a microscope.Results The relative protein expression level of ChREBP in hRMECs after 30 minutes of high-glucose stimulation was significantly higher than that after 15 minutes,1 hour,2 hours,and 3 hours of stimulation(all P＜0.05).Meanwhile,the relative protein expression level of TXNIP in hRMECs after 2 hours of high-glu-cose stimulation was significantly higher than that after 15 minutes,30 minutes,1 hour,and 3 hours of stimulation(all P＜0.05).Under high-glucose conditions,the relative protein expression level of TXNIP and NLRP3 in hRMECs of the ChREBP knockdown group was significantly lower than that of the blank siRNA group and the high-glucose alone group(all P＜0.05).The results of TUNEL assay,cell scratch assay,and capillary tube formation assay showed that the relative apopto-sis rate,relative cell coverage area percentage,and relative migrating cell number percentage of the ChREBP knockdown group were significantly lower than those of the blank siRNA group and the high-glucose alone group,whereas the number of ring structures was significantly lower than that of the blank siRNA group,the high-glucose alone group,and the hyper-osmotic group(all P＜0.05).The relative expression level of p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR in the ChREBP knockdown group was significantly lower than that in the blank siRNA group and the high glucose alone group(all P＜0.05).The num-ber of retinal angiogenic sprouts in ChREBP-knockout mutant mice was(22.81±4.03),which was significantly lower than that of normal ChREBP-expressing wild-type mice(64.35±11.69)(P＜0.05).Conclusion ChREBP can affect the oc-currence and development of diabetic retinopathy by regulating the apoptosis,migration,and tubulogenesis of hRMECs and the development of retinal neovascularization under high-glucose conditions,and hence it can be regarded as a potential target for the treatment of this disease.

Objective To investigate the effect of a G-protein receptor 110(GPR110)ligand on retinal neuroinflam-mation in diabetic mice by regulating the Janus kinase 2/signal transduction and activator of transcription 3(JAK2/STAT3)signaling pathway.Methods This experiment was divided into two parts.(1)Twelve C57BL/6J mice(24 eyes)were randomly divided into the control group,4-week streptozotocin(STZ)induction(STZ4-week)group,STZ 8-week group,and STZ 12-week group,with 3 mice in each group.The diabetic model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ(150 mg·kg-1)in all groups except the control group.The expression of GPR110 and glutamine synthetase(GS)in the retinal tissue of mice was detected by immunofluorescence staining to screen the optimal acting time.(2)Thirty-two C57BL/6J mice(64 eyes)were divided into the control group,STZ 8-week group,the STZ+N-docosahexaenol ethanola-mine(SYN)group,and the STZ+SYN+adeno-associated virus-mediated GPR110(AAV-GPR110)group,with 8 mice in each group,and they were subjected to corresponding treatment.Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the ex-pression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)in mouse retinal tissues.ELISA was performed to detect the level of inter-leukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in mouse retinal tissues.Western blot was performed to detect the ratio of JAK2 to phosphorylated JAK2(p-JAK2)and that of STAT3 to phosphorylated STAT3(p-STAT3).Results(1)GPR110 in the retina of mice in the STZ 4-week group,STZ 8-week group,and STZ 12-week group was mainly expressed in Müller cells.The highest expression intensity of GPR110 was observed in the retina of mice in the STZ 8-week group;therefore,the diabetic mice in the STZ 8-week group were selected for subsequent experiments.(2)Compared with the control group,mice in the STZ 8-week group and the STZ+SYN+AAV-GPR110 group exhibited a decrease in the retinal thickness and the number of retinal ganglion cells,those in the STZ+SYN group displayed a de-crease in the retinal thickness(all P＜0.05),and those in the other three groups presented a significant increase in the in-tensity of GFAP-positive expression and an increase in the level of IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α and the p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 values(all P＜0.05).Compared with the STZ 8-week group,the retinal thickness and the number of retinal ganglion cells in the STZ+SYN group increased,the intensity of GFAP-positive expression decreased,and the level of IL-6,IL-1 β,and TNF-α and the p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 values decreased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the STZ+SYN group,mice in the STZ+SYN+AAV-GPR110 group showed a decrease in the retinal thickness and the number of retinal ganglion cells,a significant increase in the intensity of GFAP-positive expression,and an increase in the level of IL-6,IL-1 β,and TNF-α and the p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 values(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The GPR110 ligand could alleviate retinal neuroinflammation in diabetic mice by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Objective To analyze the effects of circular RNA CSPP1(circCSPP1)and microRNA-642a-5p(miR-642a-5p)on the biological behaviors of retinoblastoma Y-79 cells.Methods A total of 47 patients with retinoblastoma(47 eyes)who were admitted at Zhengzhou Central Hospital from June 2019 to October 2022 were included in this study,and the tumor tissues and paraneoplastic tissues of these patients were collected during surgery.The human retinoblastoma cell line Y-79 was cultured in vitro and then divided into seven groups based on different transfectants:the Con group(nor-mally cultured Y-79 cells),sh-NC group(transfected with sh-NC),sh-circCSPP1 group(transfected with sh-circCSPP1),miR-NC group(transfected with miR-NC),miR-642a-5p group(transfected with miR-642a-5p mimics),sh-circCSPP1+an-ti-miR-NC group(co-transfected with sh-circCSPP1 and anti-miR-NC),and sh-circCSPP1+anti-miR-642a-5p group(co-transfected with sh-circCSPP1 and anti-miR-642a-5p).The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was used to measure the expression level of circCSPP1 and miR-642a-5p in retinoblastoma tissues,paraneoplastic tissues,and Y-79 cells.The proliferation,migration,and invasion of Y-79 cells were assessed via the cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay,scratch wound healing assay,and Transwell chamber assay,respectively.The targeting relationship between cir-cCSPP1 and miR-642a-5p was verified by the dual-luciferase reporter assay.Western blot was performed to quantify the ex-pression level of E-cadherin and N-cadherin.Results Compared with paraneoplastic tissues,the expression of circCSPP1 was up-regulated,that of miR-642a-5p was downregulated in retinoblastoma tissues,and the differences were statistically significant(both P＜0.05).Compared with the Con group and the sh-NC group,the sh-circCSPP1 group showed a reduced scratch healing rate,decreased invasive cell count,up-regulated relative protein expression of E-cadherin,and down-regu-lated relative protein expression of N-cadherin,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Compared with the Con group and the miR-NC group,the miR-642a-5p group exhibited a reduced scratch healing rate,decreased in-vasive cell count,up-regulated protein expression of E-cadherin,and down-regulated protein expression of N-cadherin,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that cir-cCSPP1 negatively regulated the expression level of miR-642a-5p.Compared with the sh-circCSPP1+anti-miR-NC group,the sh-circCSPP1+anti-miR-642a-5p group displayed an increased scratch healing rate,increased invasive cell count,down-regulated protein expression of E-cadherin,and up-regulated protein expression of N-cadherin,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Silencing circCSPP1 may suppress the proliferation,migration,and invasion of Y-79 cells by up-regulating the expression of miR-642a-5p,suggesting that circCSPP1 may become a poten-tial therapeutic target for retinoblastoma.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of carvacrol(CAR)on high glucose(HG)-induced retinal ganglion cell(RGC)damage by regulating the protein kinase B(PKB,also known as Akt)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-relat-ed factor 2(Nrf2)signaling pathway.Methods The RGC-5 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were inoculated into 96-well cell culture plates with 4 × 104 cells/well and then treated with CAR(5.0 μmol·L-1,10.0 μmol·L-1,20.0 μmol·L-1,40.0 μmol·L-1,80.0 μmol·L-1,and 160.0 μmol·L-1)together with 30.0 mmol·L-1 glucose for 24 hours.Cell viability was detected by the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay to screen the ex-perimental concentration of CAR.Then,these RGC-5 cells were inoculated into 6-well plates and randomly assigned into the Control group,30.0 mmol·L-1 glucose(HG)group,low-,medium-,and high-concentration CAR groups(CAR-L group,CAR-M group,and CAR-H group),and high-concentration CAR+Nrf2 pathway inhibitor(ML385)group(CAR-H+ML385 group).Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of RGC-5 cells.The fluorescent probe was used to de-tect the level of oxidative stress in RGC-5 cells.The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was employed to detect the level of superoxide dismutase(SOD),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX),and reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the supernatant of RGC-5 cells.Western blot was used to detect the ex-pression of proteins related to the Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.Results Compared with the HG group,the survival rate of RGC-5 cells increased significantly when the concentration of CAR was above 20.0 μmol·L-1(all P＜0.05).Therefore,20.0 μmol·L-1,40.0 μmol·L-1,and 80.0 μmol·L-1 of CAR were used for subsequent experiments.Compared with the Control group,the apoptosis rate of RGC-5 cells in the HG group increased significantly,the protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was up-regulated significantly,the level of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),ROS,LDH,and MDA increased significantly,and the level of SOD and GSH-PX decreased significantly(all P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the apoptosis rate of RGC-5 cells in the CAR-L,CAR-M,and CAR-H groups de-creased significantly,the protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was down-regulated significantly,the level of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,ROS,LDH,and MDA decreased significantly,and the level of SOD and GSH-PX increased significantly(all P＜0.05).Compared with the CAR-H group,the apoptosis rate of RGC-5 cells in the CAR-H+ML385 group increased signifi-cantly,the protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was up-regulated significantly,the level of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,ROS,LDH,and MDA increased significantly,and the level of GSH-PX and SOD decreased significantly(all P＜0.05).Compared with the Control group,the p-Akt/Akt expression ratio and the relative expression level of Nrf2 in RGC-5 cells decreased significantly in the HG group(both P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the p-Akt/Akt expression ratio and the rela-tive expression level of Nrf2 in RGC-5 cells increased significantly in the CAR-L,CAR-M,and CAR-H groups(all P＜0.05).Compared with the CAR-H group,the p-Akt/Akt expression ratio and the relative expression level of Nrf2 decreased signifi-cantly in the CAR-H+ML385 group(both P＜0.05).Conclusion CAR may reduce the inflammatory response level in RGC-5 cells by activating the Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway,thus inhibiting oxidative stress-related injury and apoptosis.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological burden of age-related macular degeneration(AMD)in China and low-,middle-,and high-socio-demographic index(SDI)countries,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of AMD.Methods The data published by Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990 to 2021,in-cluding the number of cases,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and DALYs rate,were utilized to analyze the characteristics of AMD in China and low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries and assess the burden of AMD and its corre-lation with SDI.Results In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.Be-sides,the age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)and age-standardized DALYs rate(ASDR)in China ranked 46th and 64th in the world,respectively.The number of patients with AMD and DALYs in high-SDI countries were significantly lower than those in middle-and low-SDI countries.The ASPR and ASDR in China were higher than those in high-SDI countries but lower than those in low-SDI countries,and both exceeded the global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher.In high-SDI countries,the highest prevalence of AMD was observed a-mong people aged 80 years or above.The prevalence of AMD in China and middle-SDI countries peaked among people aged 65-69 years;whereas that in low-SDI countries peaked among people aged 75-79 years.The AMD burden in females was significantly higher than that in males.The global number of AMD patients exhibited an increasing trend from 1990 to 2021,with the fastest increase observed in China(3.11-fold).The ASPR in China showed a wave-like increasing trend,while that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend during the same period.The overall DALY showed an increasing trend,and the increase in the DALYs in China(2.84-fold)exceeded that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries.However,the overall ASDR declined,with the most significant decline observed in high-SDI countries.The AS-DR in China has recently rebounded after a wave-like decline from 1990 to 2021.The analysis results of the slope index of inequality(SII)and concentration index(CI)showed that the gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-in-come countries widened progressively from 1990 to 2021,with the burden being more severe in low-SDI countries.Conclu-sion In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.The overall disease burden of AMD in China was between that of high-and low-SDI countries but was higher than global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher,and the burden was higher for females than for males.From 1990 to 2021,the number of patients with AMD and the prevalence of this disease in China exhibited an in-creasing trend,while those in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend.The overall DALYs in-creased,while the overall ASDR decreased.The gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-income countries widened,and the burden was more severe in low-SDI countries.It was concluded that the burden of AMD was closely re-lated to age,gender,and SDI,and that its distribution characteristics and trends should be considered in the formulation of prevention and control strategies.

Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are small vesicles secreted by cells,widely present in various body fluids,and they play important biological roles.In recent years,EVs have garnered significant attention as novel diagnostic and thera-peutic tools in multiple ocular diseases.Glaucoma,as a common cause of irreversible blindness,is primarily caused by optic nerve damage associated with pathologically elevated intraocular pressure.Emerging evidence indicates that EVs hold considerable therapeutic potential in glaucoma management,particularly in modulating aqueous humor circulation and pro-viding retinal neuroprotection.This review summarizes the latest research progress on EVs in the treatment of glaucoma.

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effects of the liver X receptor(LXR)agonist T0901317 on reti-nal structure and function damage caused by high glucose in mice.Methods A total of 30 12-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the control,STZ-DMSO,and STZ-T0901317 groups,with 10 mice in each group.After a 12-hour fast,the mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin(STZ)at a dosage of 50 mg·kg-1 for 5 days.The mice in the control group were intraperitoneally injected with an equal volume of citrate buffer.The random blood glucose level was measured 72 hours after injection,and mice with the random blood glucose level exceeding 16.7 mmol·L-1 and polyuria were considered successful model candidates.These model mice were included in the STZ-DMSO and STZ-T0901317 groups,respectively,and the mice in the two groups were intravitreally injected with 1 μL of DMSO and 1 μL of T0901317(30 μmol·L-1),respectively.The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)was measured at 100 μm,200 μm,300 μm,400 μm,and 500 μm from the optic disc 6 weeks after STZ modeling.The cell density of the ganglion cell layer(GCL)(cells·mm-1)was quantified using ImageJ.Electroretinogram(ERG)analyses were employed to record the amplitude and latency of dark-adapted 0.01 ERG b-wave,dark-adapted 3.0 ERG a-and b-waves,dark-adapted 3.0 oscilla-tory potentials(OPs),and light-adapted 3.0 ERG a-and b-waves.The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to detect the expression changes of inflammatory factors NLRP3,Caspase1,interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the retinal tissue of mice from each group.Results The optical coherence tomography(OCT)findings indicated that the RNFL thickness measured at 100 μm,200 μm,300μm,400 μm,and 500 μm from the optic disc in the STZ-DMSO group was significantly lower than that observed in the con-trol group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).In the STZ-T0901317 group,the RNFL thickness at all measurement points was greater than that in the STZ-DMSO group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).However,there were no statistically significant differences in the RNFL thickness at all measurement points between the STZ-T0901317 group and the control group(all P＞0.05).The hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining results re-vealed that the GCL cell count in the control,STZ-DMSO,and STZ-T0901317 groups was(90.53±9.13)cells·mm-1,(82.06±0.98)cells·mm-1,and(94.94±10.61)cells·mm-1,respectively,with no significant differences among these groups(P＞0.05).The ERG results demonstrated that the amplitude of dark-adapted 0.01 ERG b-wave,dark-adapted 3.0 ERG a-and b-waves,the second wave of dark-adapted 3.0 oscillatory potentials(OPs2),and light-adapted ERG a-and b-waves was lower in the STZ-DMSO and STZ-T0901317 groups compared with the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).However,in the STZ-T0901317 group,the amplitude of dark-adapted 3.0 ERG a-and b-waves and OPs2 was higher than that in the STZ-DMSO group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).qRT-PCR analyses revealed that in the STZ-DMSO group,the relative mRNA expression level of NLRP3,Caspase-1,IL-1β,and IL-6 was elevated compared with the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The relative mRNA expression level of NLRP3 and IL-6 in the STZ-T0901317 group was higher compared with the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(both P＜0.05).The relative mRNA expression level of NLRP3,Caspase-1,and IL-1β in the STZ-T0901317 group decreased compared with the STZ-DMSO group,and the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The LXR agonist T0901317 may ameliorate early RNFL thickness alterations and im-prove visual function in DR mice by down-regulating the expression of NLRP3,Caspase-1,and IL-1β in mouse retinal tissues.

Objective To compare the blood flow perfusion area in different retinal vascular plexuses between adults and children using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography(SS-OCTA)and explore the correlation of the retinal blood flow perfusion area with spherical equivalent(SE)and axial length(AL).Methods A total of 112 partici-pants,including 58 children(116 eyes,aged 8-13 years)and 54 adults(108 eyes,aged 18-30 years),were recruited from Eye Hospital,Wenzhou Medical University from December 2020 to December 2024.Based on SE,these children and adults were further divided into the emmetropia(-0.50＜SE ≤+0.50 D),low myopia(-3.00＜SE≤-0.50 D),and moderate myopia(-6.00＜SE≤-3.00 D)groups.SS-OCTA was used to acquire the perfusion area data across retinal vascular layers.The inner vascular network of the retina was subdivided into the peripapillary radial vascular network,su-perficial vascular plexus(SVP),middle vascular plexus(MVP),and deep vascular plexus(DVP).The blood flow perfu-sion areas across retinal vascular layers were compared between adults and children.Pearson correlation analysis was per-formed to assess the correlation of the blood flow perfusion areas across retinal vascular layers with AL and SE in adults and children,respectively.Results SE was negatively correlated with AL in both adults and children(r=-0.781 and-0.667,respectively;both P＜0.001).The total inner retinal perfusion area was negatively correlated with AL in both adults and children(r=-0.239 and-0.299,respectively;both P＜0.05).In children,the perfusion area in the peripapil-lary radial vascular network,SVP,and DVP was negatively correlated with AL(r=-0.443,-0.315,and-0.220,respec-tively;all P＜0.05).In adults,the perfusion area in SVP,MVP,and DVP was negatively correlated with AL(r=-0.243,-0.230,and-0.364,respectively;all P＜0.05).Adults with low/moderate myopia exhibited a significantly larger perfu-sion area in the peripapillary radial vascular network compared with children with corresponding myopia levels,and the differences were statistically significant(both P＜0.001).Conclusion There were significant differences in the perfu-sion area of the peripapillary radial vascular network between adult and pediatric myopic patients.AL showed the strongest correlations with the perfusion area of the peripapillary radial vascular network in adults and the perfusion area of DVP in children,respectively,suggesting distinct effects of retinal vascular layers at different stages of ocular growth.