One of the challenges for the current malaria management in the province of Thua Thien - Hue is imported malaria caused by the movement of population across the Vietnam - Laos border and between the malaria endemic areas from Quang Nam to Quang Tri provinces by the newly constructed route of Ho Chi Minh. Under that circumstance, the active measures have been set up for control and prevention of malaria infection, especially for risk cases. These measures appear to be initially effective. The incidence, fatality has been controlled. The risk of imported malaria has been over. However, those measures need to be sustained in the border areas and the Ho Chi Minh route to maintain the achievements
Malaria ; Therapeutics

In 2004, the technical measures combined to health education were further strengthened. The malaria situation, therefore, was improved as the morbidity was reduced by 20%, malaria cases reduced by 3.6% and PSR reduced by 17%. However, malaria prevalence is inhomogeneously distributed with more malaria cases found in the former highly endemic districts
Malaria ; Epidemiology

Studies of 805 samples until 10/2004 show that the malaria prevalence was high in the first 5 months in 2003, among 7 deaths were unorganized migrants. They contract malaria all year round, especially in the beginning of the year with the highest of 11.96% in February. The density of maralia parasite (+) was high in months at the beginning and end of the year such as January, April and October with the density in the first month of 2.92%. Spleenomegaly was mostly seen in age 5-14 with 3.17% and mostly in grade I and II (97.8%). Spleenomegaly grade III and IV is predominated in over 14 years old group (60%). Vectors at the first three months of the year were high and various in species in accordance with the malaria prevalence. An. dirus and An. minimus as the two main vectors of transmitting were present in almost of the year both house inside and outside, which is the cause for the transmission
Malaria ; Epidemiology

Survey on 702 samples including 234 contracted to malaria and 468 with symtoms by the method of disease-evidence at Krongpac district, Dak Lak province in 8/2003 to study the charateristics and factors relating to malaria parasite. Results showed that groups with primary education level or less and had average income less than 200,000VND/month were at high prevalence, 53.4% and 46.7%, respectively. While the groups with secondary education level or more and income more than 200,000VND/month were at 18.1% and 16.5%, respectively. The correlation between working on field and contracting malaria parasite is that those working on field had high potential of contracting malaria parasite with OR = 6.98 (95% CI: 4.56-10.45), with statistic significance of P<0.01. The habit of use mosquito net is related to the prevalence among the samples. Those sleep without a net had high level of contracting malaria parasite with OR = 5.35 (95% CI: 3.37-7.66). Sleeping in mosquito net is an important prevention method against malaria parasite
Malaria ; Epidemiology

A high therapeutic efficacy was found in the experimental mouse model infected with P. berghei (both chloroquin sensitive and resistant strains). At a low dose, as twice as the human dose and calculated as mg/kg of body weight of mice, the combination produced a high effect, clearing parasite within 3 days. However a considerable rate of recrudescence (10%) was found within 28 following-up days. At a high dose as tenth as a human dose, the combination was found to have a high therapeutic effect of 100% cure rate on mice clearing parasite within 2 days and no recurrence occured within 28 following-up days in all the tests. Arterakin was found to be a highly effective antimalaria drug with cure rate of 100% and a fast parasite clearance time (1-2 days) in both P falciparum and P. vivax infected patients. The total dose of 8 tablets for 3 days for adults and relevant doses for children appeared to be appropriate
Malaria ; Therapeutics ; Artemisinins

The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the artesunate in 7-day treatment course on uncomplicated P.falciparum malaria from August to December 2003, in the Phuoc Hoa and Phuoc Thang communes, Bac Ai district, Ninh Thuan province. The clinical trials were implemented in conformity with the WHO Guidelines 2001. Artesunate with total dose of 16 mg/kg body weight was used for 7days in 159 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. The oral treatment of patients was supervised strictly; the clinical assessment and parasite density were followed up during 28 days after treatment. The number of patients completing 28-day follow-up was 131 cases. The trial results showed that the success rate of treatment was 122/131 (accounting for 93.1%) cases, the mean fever clearance time (mean +/- SD) was 1.2:+/- 0.4 days, the mean parasite clearance time was 1.8+/- 0.7 days and the rate of late treatment failure was 9/131 cases (6.9%)
Malaria ; Malaria, ; Falciparum ; Artemisinins

Insecticidal effects of Agnique MMF were investigated in the coastal brackish water shrimp farms in the Tan Thuan commune, Dam Doi district of Ca Mau province in 2000. The investigations were made in terracotta jars and shrimp ponds with the surface area 30m2 and 1000m2 each. Agnique MMF was found to have a high and fast killing effect on larvae of An.sundaicus at all three testing doses of 0.3ml/m2, 0.4ml/m2 and 0.5ml/m2. Especially larvae at instars of III, IV and pupae. However, the insecticide produced a low effect on Culex sitiens killing larvae of IV ins tar and only retarding larvae of I, II, III instar. The residual effect of Agnique MMF was found to be 14 days in the terracotta jars and 6 days in the ponds. In the direct observations, Agnique MMF was found to have no negative effects on rearing shrimps
Fatty Alcohols ; Polyethylene Glycols

Evaluation of effectiveness of house spraying with Ale 10SC/m2 in malaria mosquitoe prevention by testing bioassay and etomological indicators as well as side effects in the community in implemented area from 11/2003-11/2004 at Quyet Chien commune, Tan Lac District, Hoa Binh province shows that using Ale 10SC spraying with 30mm/m2 with 6 months of residual on wooden and brick wall and the mosquitoe death rate is 51.3-52.6%. Ale 10SC spraying decreased the density of An.minimus domestically daytime and seeking blood. Ale 10SC spraying with 30mg/m2 in malaria transmitted mosquitoes does not have side effects on people using it directly and the community
Malaria ; Culicidae ; Pyrethrins

The eggs of Anopheles dirus originated from China and currently colonized at the National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology kept at 24 - 26°C on wet cotton for 20 - 25 days gave hatching rate approximately of 40%. The suitable food for Anopheles dirus larvae consisted of 6g bread powder, 2g green bean powder and 0.5mg vitamin B 1. The appropriate density for rearing An. dirus larvae is 0.4 larva per square centimetre of water surface
Malaria ; Anopheles ; Laboratories

A product with 15% DEET gave an overall bite protection of 85%, without evidence for a diminishing effect through the night. When mosquitoes had a choice at one site between people using repellent or not, the repellent had most effect (88% protection with choice and 57% - 79% without choice). A product containing 27% DEET worked significantly better with 93% overall bite protection. The 15% product is locally available, cheap (0.8 US$ for a flacon of 75ml which lasted 30 person-nights) and in the opinion of the capturers well compatible
Culicidae ; Malaria ; Forestry