Low-level laser therapy(LLLT),a noninvasive photobiomodulation technique,employs red or near-infrared(NIR)light(600-1 000 nm)with power outputs ranging from 5 to 500 mW.It exerts therapeutic effects through molecular mechanisms,specifically the activation of cytochrome C oxidase(CCO)and the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways.By enhancing mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis,LLLT mitigates oxidative stress,regulates the reactive oxygen species(ROS)/glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)/superoxide dismutase(SOD)axis,and activates key path-ways,including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)and mitogen-activated pro-tein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MAPK/ERK).These mechanisms confer antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and pro-regenerative properties to LLLT,making it a viable intervention for dermato-logical conditions,oncological therapies,and musculoskeletal disorders.Recent preclinical studies un-derscore LLLT's potential in male reproductive health.Specifically,it ameliorates cavernosal fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction in erectile dysfunction(ED)models by upregulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways.In the context of sperm biology,LLLT enhances motility and acrosomal integrity in both fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa.This is achieved through mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming,such as CCO-mediated electron transport chain activation,redox homeostasis restoration,and epigenetic modulation involving DNA methylation and histone acetylation.Additionally,LLLT alleviates scrotal heat-induced oligospermia by promoting seminiferous epithelial differentiation,elevating serum testoster-one levels,and suppressing lipid peroxidation.These findings highlight the translational potential of LLLT in regenerative medicine,particularly for male sexual and reproductive disorders.Future research efforts should focus on interdisciplinary collaborations spanning life sciences,engineering,and physics.The goal is to optimize laser parameters,including wavelength,irradiance,and treatment duration,and establish standardized protocols.Rigorous preclinical and clinical investigations are paramount to validate the safety,efficacy,and long-term outcomes of LLLT,ultimately paving the way for its integration into precision medicine frameworks for urological and reproductive therapies.

Low-level laser therapy(LLLT),a noninvasive photobiomodulation technique,employs red or near-infrared(NIR)light(600-1 000 nm)with power outputs ranging from 5 to 500 mW.It exerts therapeutic effects through molecular mechanisms,specifically the activation of cytochrome C oxidase(CCO)and the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways.By enhancing mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate(ATP)synthesis,LLLT mitigates oxidative stress,regulates the reactive oxygen species(ROS)/glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)/superoxide dismutase(SOD)axis,and activates key path-ways,including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt)and mitogen-activated pro-tein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MAPK/ERK).These mechanisms confer antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and pro-regenerative properties to LLLT,making it a viable intervention for dermato-logical conditions,oncological therapies,and musculoskeletal disorders.Recent preclinical studies un-derscore LLLT's potential in male reproductive health.Specifically,it ameliorates cavernosal fibrosis and endothelial dysfunction in erectile dysfunction(ED)models by upregulating the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways.In the context of sperm biology,LLLT enhances motility and acrosomal integrity in both fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa.This is achieved through mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming,such as CCO-mediated electron transport chain activation,redox homeostasis restoration,and epigenetic modulation involving DNA methylation and histone acetylation.Additionally,LLLT alleviates scrotal heat-induced oligospermia by promoting seminiferous epithelial differentiation,elevating serum testoster-one levels,and suppressing lipid peroxidation.These findings highlight the translational potential of LLLT in regenerative medicine,particularly for male sexual and reproductive disorders.Future research efforts should focus on interdisciplinary collaborations spanning life sciences,engineering,and physics.The goal is to optimize laser parameters,including wavelength,irradiance,and treatment duration,and establish standardized protocols.Rigorous preclinical and clinical investigations are paramount to validate the safety,efficacy,and long-term outcomes of LLLT,ultimately paving the way for its integration into precision medicine frameworks for urological and reproductive therapies.

Objective To investigate the role of ginsenoside Rh1 in regulating the changes of characteristic differential metabolites in rat models of exercise-induced fatigue by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and multidimensional statistical analysis,and to clarify the metabolic pathways,so as to provide experimental basis and theoretical support for the effective alleviation of exercise-induced fatigue through Rh1.Methods A total of 27 SPF SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group,model group,and ginsenoside Rh1 group,with 9 rats in each group.A rat exercise-induced fatigue model was established by treadmill exercise.After blood sampling,GC-MS technology,Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares(PLS-DA)were used for the identification and screening of differential metabolites,which were further structurally identified in KEGG and HMDB databases.MetPA database was used to construct metabolic pathways and enrich for topological analysis.Results The time to exhaustion in the ginsenoside Rh1 group was significantly longer than that in the model group.Significant differential expression of 8 metabolites(6 significantly decreased and 2 significantly increased)was found in the model group as compared to the blank control group,and 5 metabolic pathways were involved.In the ginsenoside Rh1 group,there were 3 metabolites with significant changes compared with the model group.Citric acid and fatty acid were significantly increased,α-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate was decreased,and the main pathway involved was tricarboxylic acid cycle.Conclusion Rh1 can significantly prolong the time to exhaustion and relieve exercise-induced fatigue in rats,which is closely related to the metabolic pathway of tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Objective To optimize the supercritical CO₂ extraction conditions of volatile oil from Wenjing Huoxue cataplasm. Methods On the basis of single factor investigation on the comprehensive score of extraction yield , osthole content and isoimperatorin, the effects of extraction temperature, pressure and time on the comprehensive score of extracted volatile oil were optimized by orthogonal design. Results In the single factor experiment, the factors that had a great influence on the comprehensive score of the extracted volatile oil were extraction temperature, extraction pressure and extraction time. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the extraction temperature and extraction pressure had a significant influence on the comprehensive score of volatile oil. The optimized extraction process was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 ℃, extraction pressure as 30 MPa, and extraction time as 2 h. Conclusion The extraction process optimized in this experiment is stable and feasible, which could be used for the extraction and preparation of the volatile oil.

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays a critical role in signal transduction, expression of related genes and apoptosis of cancer cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by high aggressiveness and mortality. In the exploration of the relationship between GR and hepatocellular carcinoma, numerous studies have shown that GR has an inhibitory effect on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which provides new ideas and methods for the clinical application of GR in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective:To analyze the incidence of fatigue in the seafarers undertaking long-term maritime work and the correlation between Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）constitution and fatigue，so as to provide basic data support for formulating constitution conditioning programs.Methods:An epidemiological survey of fatigue and TCM constitution was conducted in 425 males who had been working at sea for 50 days by cross-sectional sampling method with TCM constitution scale and modified Fatigue Impact Scale.Results:The number of people with balanced constitution was the largest，accounting for 49.18%；the top three imbalanced constitutions were qi deficiency constitution（11.29%）， yang deficiency constitution（9.41%），and phlegm dampness constitution（9.18%）. The overall fatigue rate was 16.71%. The fatigue rate of people with balanced constitution was the lowest，accounting for 0.96%；among the people with imbalanced constitutions，the fatigue rate of people with qi stagnation was the highest（58.33%），followed by the people with qi deficiency（45.83%）. Statistical analysis based on the average rank of fatigue scores showed that the fatigue score of the people with balanced constitution was significantly lower than those of the people with imbalanced constitutions（ P<0.05）. Conclusion:Balanced constitution， qi deficiency constitution，and yang deficiency constitution are the common TCM constitution types in the seafarers undertaking long-term maritime work. There is a certain correlation between TCM constitution and fatigue. The people with qi stagnation and qi deficiency constitutions are more prone to fatigue.

Objective:To analyze the incidence of fatigue in the seafarers undertaking long-term maritime work and the correlation between Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）constitution and fatigue，so as to provide basic data support for formulating constitution conditioning programs.Methods:An epidemiological survey of fatigue and TCM constitution was conducted in 425 males who had been working at sea for 50 days by cross-sectional sampling method with TCM constitution scale and modified Fatigue Impact Scale.Results:The number of people with balanced constitution was the largest，accounting for 49.18%；the top three imbalanced constitutions were qi deficiency constitution（11.29%）， yang deficiency constitution（9.41%），and phlegm dampness constitution（9.18%）. The overall fatigue rate was 16.71%. The fatigue rate of people with balanced constitution was the lowest，accounting for 0.96%；among the people with imbalanced constitutions，the fatigue rate of people with qi stagnation was the highest（58.33%），followed by the people with qi deficiency（45.83%）. Statistical analysis based on the average rank of fatigue scores showed that the fatigue score of the people with balanced constitution was significantly lower than those of the people with imbalanced constitutions（ P<0.05）. Conclusion:Balanced constitution， qi deficiency constitution，and yang deficiency constitution are the common TCM constitution types in the seafarers undertaking long-term maritime work. There is a certain correlation between TCM constitution and fatigue. The people with qi stagnation and qi deficiency constitutions are more prone to fatigue.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain (CIPNP), and to observe its mechanism by targeting spinal cannabinoid receptors (CBRs).Methods:A total of 75 male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (15 rats in each group), i. e. blank control group, CIPNP control group, CIPNP+ HBO group, CIPNP+ HBO+ AM630 group, and CIPNP+ HBO+ AM251 group. The model rats with CIPNP were established by injecting paclitaxel (i.p.). Each group with HBO intervention received the HBO treatment on the second day after each of the 5 times of paclitaxel injection. The CIPNP+ HBO+ AM630 and CIPNP+ HBO+ AM251 groups were administered with AM630 (an antagonist of CBR2) and AM251 (an antagonist of CBR1) respectively before each HBO treatment. The behavioral test was carried out to measure the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) of rats by von fery filaments before the experiment and every 7 days during the experiment. The expressions of CBR1 and CBR2 were tested by Western blotting. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was tested by immunohistochemistry (ICH) and Western blotting. And the expressions of inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord, i. e. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:Compared with that of the blank control group, the MWT of the CIPNP control group was significantly decreased ( P<0.01), and the difference was most significant [(15.46±2.83) g vs. (4.33±3.53) g; P<0.01] especially on the 21st day of the experiment. The expressions of spinal GFAP, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Compared with those of the CIPNP control group, the MWT and spinal CBR2 of the CIPNP+ HBO group were significantly increased ( P<0.05), the GFAP, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the above-mentioned effects could be blocked by intraperitoneal injection of AM630, while there was no such reverse effect after intraperitoneal injection of AM251. Conclusion:HBO can prevent paclitaxel-induced CIPNP, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of spinal CBR2 and then the blocking of the activation of GFAP and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord.

Objective:To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain (CIPNP), and to observe its mechanism by targeting spinal cannabinoid receptors (CBRs).Methods:A total of 75 male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (15 rats in each group), i. e. blank control group, CIPNP control group, CIPNP+ HBO group, CIPNP+ HBO+ AM630 group, and CIPNP+ HBO+ AM251 group. The model rats with CIPNP were established by injecting paclitaxel (i.p.). Each group with HBO intervention received the HBO treatment on the second day after each of the 5 times of paclitaxel injection. The CIPNP+ HBO+ AM630 and CIPNP+ HBO+ AM251 groups were administered with AM630 (an antagonist of CBR2) and AM251 (an antagonist of CBR1) respectively before each HBO treatment. The behavioral test was carried out to measure the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) of rats by von fery filaments before the experiment and every 7 days during the experiment. The expressions of CBR1 and CBR2 were tested by Western blotting. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was tested by immunohistochemistry (ICH) and Western blotting. And the expressions of inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord, i. e. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:Compared with that of the blank control group, the MWT of the CIPNP control group was significantly decreased ( P<0.01), and the difference was most significant [(15.46±2.83) g vs. (4.33±3.53) g; P<0.01] especially on the 21st day of the experiment. The expressions of spinal GFAP, IL-1β, and TNF-α were significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Compared with those of the CIPNP control group, the MWT and spinal CBR2 of the CIPNP+ HBO group were significantly increased ( P<0.05), the GFAP, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the above-mentioned effects could be blocked by intraperitoneal injection of AM630, while there was no such reverse effect after intraperitoneal injection of AM251. Conclusion:HBO can prevent paclitaxel-induced CIPNP, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of spinal CBR2 and then the blocking of the activation of GFAP and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord.

Ginsenosides (GS)as the main ingredient of ginseng,include dozens of monomer,such as Rg3,Rh2,Rd,Rh1 ,Rg2,etc.GS and various monomers have different anti-hepatoma mechanisms.The main mechanism includes the following aspects,inducing the apoptosis of liver cancer cells,inhibiting the prolifera-tion,invasion and metastasis,reversing the multidrug resistance of liver cancer cells,increasing therapeutic effects by combining with other treatments,improving the immune function of organism and inhibiting hepatic glu-cose production.Different GS monomers play different roles of anti-hepatoma through their respective channels.