Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the functional impact of a rare heterozygous variant of SOS1 gene (c.283G>A, p.E95K) identified in a fetus with cervical cystic hygroma and to explore its association with the disease phenotype. METHODS: A pedigree analysis was carried out to evaluate the co-segregation of the variant with the disease phenotype. Bioinformatic tools were employed to assess the conservation, protein structure and stability. Functional validation was conducted on HEK293T cells using fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting to measure the expression of SOS1 and phosphorylation levels of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. A literature review of previously reported disease-associated SOS1 variants was also carried out. This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University (Ethics No.: 201940). RESULTS: The variant was inherited from the husband of the woman with distinctive facial features and has co-segregated with the phenotype. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the variant is located in a highly conserved region, and that p.E95K could disrupt key amino acid interactions and protein stability. Multiple bioinformatic predictions consistently suggested the pathogenicity of this variant. Functional assays demonstrated reduced SOS1 protein expression and decreased ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION This study has revealed the functional impact of the SOS1 c.283G>A (p.E95K) variant, suggesting that it may contribute to the developmental phenotypes through a haploinsufficiency mechanism.
Humans ; SOS1 Protein/chemistry* ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Male ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; Adult

AIM:To analyze differential proteins associated with the pathogenesis of dry eye(DE)using bioinformatics methods, in order to reveal their potential molecular mechanisms.METHODS: Articles published in PubMed and EMBASE databases from the inception of the database to August 31, 2023, that used proteomic methods to detect protein expression in clinical samples of dry eye were searched. Differential proteins were selected and further analyzed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software for hub gene screening and module analysis. Protein-protein interaction(PPI)analysis, gene ontology(GO)functional annotation, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were performed.RESULTS: A total of 21 articles were included, identifying 74 differentially expressed proteins. The most frequently occurring differential proteins were calgranulin A(SA1008), lipocalin-1(LCN1), lysozyme C(LYZ), mammaglobin-B(SCGB2A1), proline-rich protein 4(PRR4), transferrin(TF), and calgranulinB(S100A9). The top 10 hub genes were serum albumin(ALB), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), interleukin 6(IL6), IL1B, IL8, matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9), alpha-1-antitrypsin(SERPINA1), IL10, complement component 3(C3), and lactotransferrin(LTF). Module analysis suggested MMP9 and PRR4 as seed genes. KEGG analysis showed that differential proteins were mainly enriched in the IL17 signaling pathway(61.9%).CONCLUSION: The results reveal potential molecular targets and pathways for DE and confirm the association between the pathogenesis of DE and inflammation. Further in-depth research is needed to confirm the significance of these biomarkers in clinical practice.

Fungal keratitis represents a significant cause of blindness, with current therapeutic approaches yielding limited success. The disease's onset and progression are primarily driven by fungal virulence factors and the host's immune response. The innate immune system is the first to respond, with neutrophils playing a pivotal role in the antifungal defense. Although neutrophils are critical for pathogen clearance, their excessive or abnormal activation can lead to tissue damage, exacerbating the disease. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying neutrophil activity in fungal keratitis is crucial for refining treatment strategies. This article aims to systematically review the principal antimicrobial mechanisms employed by neutrophils, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs). Furthermore, it explores the crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages, alongside their collective impact and underlying mechanisms in the context of fungal keratitis. Exploration of the mechanisms of fungal keratitis facilitates precise intervention and enhances the efficacy of treatment.

Objective To analyze the current status of dietary quality in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), and to explore the influencing factors of dietary quality. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 550 patients with CAG admitted to the hospital from April 2021 to April 2024. Self-made basic data questionnaire, dietary balance index (DBI), and hospital anxiety and depression scale-anxiety subscale (HADS-A) were used for investigation. Multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to analyze the influencing factors of DBI-lower bound score (LBS). Results The average score of DBI-LBS in 550 patients with CAG was (31.45±8.53) points. There were significant differences in DBI-LBS scores among CAG patients in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, marital status, drinking history, smoking history, CAG severity, HADS-A score and concurrent gastrointestinal diseases (P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis of the above influencing factors indicated that BMI, smoking history, HADS-A score and CAG severity were independent influencing factors of DBI-LBS score in CAG patients (P<0.05). Conclusion The general dietary quality is not optimistic in CAG patients, showing a moderate deficiency in dietary intake. BMI, disease severity and psychological status of patients are independent factors affecting dietary quality.

Xiao Chaihutang， originating from the Treatise on Typhoid and Miscellaneous Diseases， is a classic formula for harmonizing the Shaoyang. It excels in regulating the pivotal mechanism and unblocking the triple energizer， corresponding to the pathogenesis of digestive system tumors characterized by the interlocking of deficiency， stasis， phlegm， and toxicity， as well as disharmony between Yin and Yang. This paper systematically reviews research findings from China and abroad over the past decade， exploring the anti-tumor effects of Xiao Chaihutang on digestive system tumors from three dimensions： theoretical rationale， clinical efficacy， and molecular mechanisms. At the level of principle and method， Xiao Chaihutang takes "harmonization" as its core therapeutic guideline. By reconciling the exterior and interior to restore the Shaoyang pivot， harmonizing Yin and Yang to improve the tumor microenvironment， and regulating the liver and spleen to consolidate and protect the foundation of postnatal essence， it promotes the restoration of the body's dynamic balance of Yin and Yang. Clinical studies have demonstrated that Xiao Chaihutang， used alone or in combination with modern medical therapies， shows definite efficacy against digestive system tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma， pancreatic carcinoma， and gastrointestinal carcinoma. It can significantly improve patients' quality of life， inhibit tumor progression， effectively relieve concomitant symptoms such a s cancer-related fever， anxiety， depression， and insomnia， and alleviate postoperative embolic syndromes as well as adverse reactions to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Experimental studies have revealed that Xiao Chaihutang can inhibit tumor cell proliferation， induce apoptosis， arrest the cell cycle， suppress tumor cell invasion and metastasis， and improve the tumor microenvironment. Through the above analysis， this study elucidates the current clinical and experimental research status of Xiao Chaihutang in the treatment of digestive system tumors， aiming to provide theoretical support for its precise clinical application. On this basis， it further explores key issues in the identification of pharmacodynamic substances and the accumulation of evidence in evidence-based medicine， thereby offering a new perspective for the innovative development of integrative Chinese and Western medicine in synergistic cancer therapy.

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of selective laser trabeculoplasty(SLT)in the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG).METHODS:Totally 24 patients(33 eyes)with POAG who had poor control of intraocular pressure(IOP)from June 2022 to December 2023 were included in this retrospective study, and all of them were treated with SLT. Furthermore, the IOP, mean deviation(MD), mean sensitivity(MS), and the thickness and vascular density(VD)of optic disc nerve layer were compared after treatment. RESULTS: There were significant reducion in IOP at 1, 3, 6, 12 mo after treatment(all P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in MD and MS before treatment and at 6 and 12 mo after treatment(all P>0.05), and there were no statistical significant differences in the thickness and VD of optic disc(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION: SLT can significantly reduce IOP in POAG patients in the short term, without damaging the visual field and optic disc nerves, while the effectiveness of SLT decreases over time.

Objective:To explore the association between healthy lifestyle and co-morbidity of overweight/obesity and myopia in adolescents.Methods:Based on the Shanghai Municipal Dynamic Cohort of Student Common Diseases, we used the group-based trajectory model (GBTM) to establish a model for the development of adolescents' healthy lifestyle trajectories aged 11-14 years and the Cox proportional hazard regression model to assess the effects of different healthy lifestyles on the co-morbidity of overweight/obesity and myopia in adolescents.Results:A total of 2 331 adolescents were included in the analysis. The average follow-up time was 1.87 years, with age of (11.44±0.45) years at the initial follow-up, among 1 106 boys and 1 225 girls. During the 2-year follow-up period, the incidence rates of overweight/obesity, myopia, and co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and myopia were 25.9%, 77.0%, and 13.7%, respectively. GBTM identified 3 healthy lifestyles: the unhealthy group (7.3%), the relatively healthy group (50.2%), and the healthy group (42.5%). The risk of overweight/obesity was lower in the relatively healthy group than in the unhealthy group ( HR=0.694, 95% CI: 0.508-0.947). There was no statistically significant association between the GBTM lifestyle subgroups and myopia ( P>0.05). The risk of co-occurrence of overweight/obesity and myopia was lower in both relatively healthy group and healthy group than in the unhealthy group (relatively healthy group: HR=0.515, 95% CI: 0.348-0.763; healthy group: HR=0.571, 95% CI: 0.384-0.849). Sensitivity analyses showed this result to be stable for myopia, overweight/obesity and myopia co-morbidities. Conclusion:Persistent unhealthy lifestyle increases the risk of overweight/obesity and myopia co-occurrence in adolescents.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of perineal massage during pregnancy, when combined with Kegel exercises, on preventing perineal injury, and to provide a basis for offering safer and more effective delivery intervention measures for expectant mothers.Methods:Randomized controlled trials on perineal massage combined with Kegel exercises for preventing perineal injury were retrieved from databases such as CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP database, CBM database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, from their inception to December 28, 2024. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software.Results:A total of 15 articles were included, involving 2 393 research subjects. The results of the Meta-analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the first stage of labor ( MD = - 1.63, 95% CI - 1.93 - - 1.30, P<0.001), the second stage of labor ( MD = - 32.58, 95% CI - 42.26 - - 22.90, P<0.01), and the third stage of labor time ( MD = - 3.41, 95% CI - 9.91 - - 2.91, P<0.001); the degree of perineal laceration Ⅱ ( OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.28 - 0.58, P<0.001), Ⅲ( OR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.24 - 0.60, P<0.001), and Ⅳ( OR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.03 - 0.51, P = 0.003); the rate of perineal incision ( OR = 0.15, 95% CI 0.07 - 0.34, P<0.001), the rate of perineal laceration ( OR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.25 - 0.46, P<0.001), the rate of intact perineum ( OR = 6.30, 95% CI 3.20 - 12.40, P<0.001), and the amount of perineal bleeding ( MD = - 29.72, 95% CI - 43.51 - - 15.93, P<0.001), the difference was statistically significant. Conclusions:Prenatal perineal massage combined with Kegel exercises is a safe, effective and easily implementable intervention method. It is highly effective in preventing perineal injuries and shortening the duration of labor. It not only reduces the risk of postpartum complications but also helps to optimize the delivery experience. Therefore, this combined intervention method can be regarded as one of the important measures for preventing perineal injuries and should be widely promoted in clinical practice.

Objective:To explore the effect of self-compassion-based writing on prosocial behavior in college students with different self-construals.Methods:A total of 182 college students were recruited,and the Self-Con-structional Scales were used to determine the self-construal types(independent or interdependent).Participants were then assigned to either a self-compassion-based writing group(n=91)or a non-self-compassion daily writing group(n=91)and completed writing tasks according to the respective instructions.Prosocial behavior was evaluated with the Prosocial Tendencies Measure(PTM),situational judgment tests,and donation amounts.Results:The evaluation results from the PTM showed that prosocial behavior was significantly higher in individuals with interdependent self-construal compared to those with independent self-construal(P＜0.001),the main effect of the group type was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).The evaluation results from situational judgment tests showed that prosocial behavior was significantly higher in individuals with interdependent self-construal compared to those with independ-ent self-construal(P＜0.001),the self-compassion-based writing group demonstrated significantly more prosocial behavior than the non-self-compassion daily writing group(P＜0.05).The evaluation results from donation a-mounts showed that the main effect of self-construal type was not statistically significant(P＞0.05),the self-com-passion-based writing group demonstrated significantly more prosocial behavior than the non-self-compassion daily writing group(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Compared to daily writing,self-compassion-based writing could effectively increase prosocial behavior in college students,regardless of their self-construal type.