Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used in dentistry, surgery, radiotherapy and other medical fields. However, repeated CBCT scans expose patients to additional radiation doses, increasing the risk of secondary malignant tumors. Low-dose CBCT image reconstruction technology, which employs advanced algorithms to reduce radiation dose while enhancing image quality, has emerged as a focal point of recent research. This review systematically examined deep learning-based methods for low-dose CBCT reconstruction. It compared different network architectures in terms of noise reduction, artifact removal, detail preservation, and computational efficiency, covering three approaches: image-domain, projection-domain, and dual-domain techniques. The review also explored how emerging technologies like multimodal fusion and self-supervised learning could enhance these methods. By summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches, this work provides insights to optimize low-dose CBCT algorithms and support their clinical adoption.
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/methods* ; Deep Learning ; Humans ; Algorithms ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Radiation Dosage ; Artifacts

Autophagy is a cellular self-degradation process that maintains homeostasis and has been shown to promote tumor progression in advanced stages.Pancreatic cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells exhibit high levels of autophagy.Therefore,targeting au-tophagy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.This review focuses on research targeting autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment,elaborating on the roles and underlying mechanisms of autophagy in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation,metas-tasis,modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment,and drug resistance.Additional-ly,we summarize preclinical and clinical studies investigating autophagy-targeted therapies both as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments,aiming to provide new theo-retical rationale and therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer management.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of peripheral retinal defocus distribution in adult myopia and its relationship with refractive error.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.A total of 270 myopic patients aged 18 to 46 years were enrolled at Tianjin Eye Hospital from January to March 2024.Data from the right eye were included in the analysis.Spherical power and cylindrical power were obtained using an autorefractor and the spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated.Corneal curvature parameters including flap keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), and average keratometry (Km) were measured using the Pentacam anterior segment imaging analyzer.Central corneal thickness (CCT) and axial length (AL) were measured using the IOLMaster optical biometer.Peripheral defocus within a 53° area centered on the fovea was assessed using multispectral refractive topography.Based on the peripheral defocus data, the distribution patterns were classified into four types: hemilateral upturn type, saddle type, crater type, and relatively flat type.Characteristics of different tpes and their correlation with diopter were analyzed.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (No.KY-2024020).All participants voluntarily participated and signed the informed consent form.Results:Of the different types of peripheral retinal defocus, 186 eyes (68.63%) were hemilateral upturn type, 45 eyes (16.61%) were crater type, 36 eyes (13.28%) were relatively flat type, and 3 eyes (1.11%) were saddle type.The crater type exhibited the lowest mean SE of (-6.18±1.50)D, while the relatively flat type showed the highest mean SE of (-3.88±0.87)D.There were significant differences in SE and AL among different peripheral defocus types ( F=15.469, 17.928, 3.431; all P<0.05).The hemilateral upturn type had significantly lower SE and spherical diopter than the relatively flat type, and crater type had significantly lower SE and spherical diopter compared to the hemilateral upturn type and relatively flat type significantly, and the hemilateral upturn type had longer AL than the relatively flat type (all P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in CCT, K1, K2, or Km among different peripheral defocus types ( F=0.861, 1.761, 2.603, 2.248; all P>0.05).Spherical power was weakly negatively correlated with superior, inferior, and temporal peripheral defocus ( r=-0.269, P<0.001; r=-0.176, P<0.01; r=-0.292, P<0.001).Age was positively correlated with superior and temporal peripheral defocus ( rs=0.213, P<0.001; rs=0.181, P=0.003), and negatively correlated with nasal peripheral defocus ( rs=-0.138, P=0.023). Conclusions:Among adult peripheral defocus patterns, the hemilateral upturn type is predominant.The crater type has the lowest mean spherical equivalent, while the relatively flat type has the highest.There are negative correlations between spherical power and the superior, inferior, and temporal peripheral defocus.

Objective:To construct a multimodal induction educational system suitable for standardized pediatric residency training bases, and to evaluate its effectiveness, thereby obtaining suggestions for further improvement.Methods:Twelve residents newly enrolled in the 2023 standardized residency training program who commenced their first-year training were included as study subjects. The induction educational system comprised multiple modules: department introduction, training plan and assessment requirements, departmental workflow, routine diagnosis and treatment of major diseases, specialized skills/procedures, and lifestyle guidance. Training materials and methods were tailored to the characteristics of each training module. Checklists were used for supervision and review, and a competency checklist was designed to evaluate residents' mastery of the training at two weeks of induction, which would guarantee the effectiveness of the training. A questionnaire survey, powered by wjx.cn, was used to obtain the experience and suggestions from the residents and ward instructors on induction education, and content ranking analysis was performed on the survey results.Results:The survey revealed that, before starting a new rotation, residents' top three educational needs were departmental workflow, routine diagnosis and treatment of common diseases, and specialized skills/procedures. Residents preferred face-to-face lectures and demonstrations by attending physicians or senior residents; instructors suggested improving relevant materials (such as resident physician manuals and video materials) and face-to-face lectures. The residents considered the current induction educational system to be greatly beneficial in basic theories, treatment principles, basic skills, and auxiliary examination processes.Conclusions:Through the above research, a multimodal induction educational system suitable for the standardized pediatric residency training base in the Peking University First Hospital has been preliminarily established, and suggestions for further improvement have been obtained, which is conducive to further improving the system and residents' post competency.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of peripheral retinal defocus distribution in adult myopia and its relationship with refractive error.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.A total of 270 myopic patients aged 18 to 46 years were enrolled at Tianjin Eye Hospital from January to March 2024.Data from the right eye were included in the analysis.Spherical power and cylindrical power were obtained using an autorefractor and the spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated.Corneal curvature parameters including flap keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), and average keratometry (Km) were measured using the Pentacam anterior segment imaging analyzer.Central corneal thickness (CCT) and axial length (AL) were measured using the IOLMaster optical biometer.Peripheral defocus within a 53° area centered on the fovea was assessed using multispectral refractive topography.Based on the peripheral defocus data, the distribution patterns were classified into four types: hemilateral upturn type, saddle type, crater type, and relatively flat type.Characteristics of different tpes and their correlation with diopter were analyzed.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (No.KY-2024020).All participants voluntarily participated and signed the informed consent form.Results:Of the different types of peripheral retinal defocus, 186 eyes (68.63%) were hemilateral upturn type, 45 eyes (16.61%) were crater type, 36 eyes (13.28%) were relatively flat type, and 3 eyes (1.11%) were saddle type.The crater type exhibited the lowest mean SE of (-6.18±1.50)D, while the relatively flat type showed the highest mean SE of (-3.88±0.87)D.There were significant differences in SE and AL among different peripheral defocus types ( F=15.469, 17.928, 3.431; all P<0.05).The hemilateral upturn type had significantly lower SE and spherical diopter than the relatively flat type, and crater type had significantly lower SE and spherical diopter compared to the hemilateral upturn type and relatively flat type significantly, and the hemilateral upturn type had longer AL than the relatively flat type (all P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in CCT, K1, K2, or Km among different peripheral defocus types ( F=0.861, 1.761, 2.603, 2.248; all P>0.05).Spherical power was weakly negatively correlated with superior, inferior, and temporal peripheral defocus ( r=-0.269, P<0.001; r=-0.176, P<0.01; r=-0.292, P<0.001).Age was positively correlated with superior and temporal peripheral defocus ( rs=0.213, P<0.001; rs=0.181, P=0.003), and negatively correlated with nasal peripheral defocus ( rs=-0.138, P=0.023). Conclusions:Among adult peripheral defocus patterns, the hemilateral upturn type is predominant.The crater type has the lowest mean spherical equivalent, while the relatively flat type has the highest.There are negative correlations between spherical power and the superior, inferior, and temporal peripheral defocus.

Objective:To construct a multimodal induction educational system suitable for standardized pediatric residency training bases, and to evaluate its effectiveness, thereby obtaining suggestions for further improvement.Methods:Twelve residents newly enrolled in the 2023 standardized residency training program who commenced their first-year training were included as study subjects. The induction educational system comprised multiple modules: department introduction, training plan and assessment requirements, departmental workflow, routine diagnosis and treatment of major diseases, specialized skills/procedures, and lifestyle guidance. Training materials and methods were tailored to the characteristics of each training module. Checklists were used for supervision and review, and a competency checklist was designed to evaluate residents' mastery of the training at two weeks of induction, which would guarantee the effectiveness of the training. A questionnaire survey, powered by wjx.cn, was used to obtain the experience and suggestions from the residents and ward instructors on induction education, and content ranking analysis was performed on the survey results.Results:The survey revealed that, before starting a new rotation, residents' top three educational needs were departmental workflow, routine diagnosis and treatment of common diseases, and specialized skills/procedures. Residents preferred face-to-face lectures and demonstrations by attending physicians or senior residents; instructors suggested improving relevant materials (such as resident physician manuals and video materials) and face-to-face lectures. The residents considered the current induction educational system to be greatly beneficial in basic theories, treatment principles, basic skills, and auxiliary examination processes.Conclusions:Through the above research, a multimodal induction educational system suitable for the standardized pediatric residency training base in the Peking University First Hospital has been preliminarily established, and suggestions for further improvement have been obtained, which is conducive to further improving the system and residents' post competency.

Autophagy is a cellular self-degradation process that maintains homeostasis and has been shown to promote tumor progression in advanced stages.Pancreatic cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells exhibit high levels of autophagy.Therefore,targeting au-tophagy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.This review focuses on research targeting autophagy in pancreatic cancer treatment,elaborating on the roles and underlying mechanisms of autophagy in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation,metas-tasis,modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment,and drug resistance.Additional-ly,we summarize preclinical and clinical studies investigating autophagy-targeted therapies both as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments,aiming to provide new theo-retical rationale and therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer management.

AIM To screen anti-inflammatory activity Q-markers for Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.METHODS Lipopolysaccharide was used for stimulating RAW264.7 macrophages to establish inflammatory model,after which the NO inhibitory rates of different grades of medicinal materials were determined.The UHPLC-QTOF-MS fingerprints were established,after which chemical constituents were identified,heatmap was drawn,and orthogonal partial least squares analysis was performed.RESULTS Grade 1 and grade 2 medicinal materials demonstrated higher NO inhibitory rates than gradeless and uniformly-priced goods(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).There were 211 common peaks in the fingerprints of 47 batches of medicinal materials,total 56 compounds were identified,containing 17 saponins,6 flavonoids,8 flavanones,4 chalcones,12 isoflavones and 9 other kinds.The relative contents of isoflavones,coumarins,kaempferol and licoflavonol in grade 1 and grade 2 medicinal materials were higher than those in gradeless and uniformly-priced goods,while the relative contents of flavanones,chalcones and saponins in wild products were higher than those in cultivated products.Neoliquiritin,isoliquiritin,kaempferol,hedysarimcoumestan E,licorice saponin C2,licoarylcoumarin,glicoricone and liconeolignan were taken as Q-markers.CONCLUSION This stable and reliable method has a certain reference value for the quality control of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.

Immunosuppressants are the most commonly used therapeutic means to reduce organ transplantation rejection and improve short-term clinical outcomes of patients after transplantation. However, systemic use of immunosuppressants increases the risk of opportunistic infections and the incidence of malignancies. Therefore, the efficient targeted delivery of immunosuppressants to target organs is particularly important. Lymph nodes are the main sites of transplant rejection activation. In recent years, drug delivery systems targeting lymph nodes have played an increasingly important role in the treatment of organ transplant rejection. This review briefly introduces the mechanism of action of lymph nodes in transplant rejection, and focuses on the construction of lymph node targeted drug delivery system and its application in transplant rejection, aiming to apply it in the treatment of transplant rejection toimprove patient outcomes.