Objective To investigate the effect of human platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes(PRP-exos)on the proliferation of Schwann cell(SC)cultured in vitro. Methods PRP-exos were extracted by polymerization-precipitation combined with ultracentrifugation.The morphology of PRP-exos was observed by transmission electron microscopy,and the concentration and particle size distribution of PRP-exos were determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis.Western blotting was employed to determine the expression of the marker proteins CD63,CD81,and CD9 on exosome surface and the platelet membrane glycoprotein CD41.The SCs of rats were isolated and cultured,and the expression of the SC marker S100β was detected by immunofluorescence staining.The fluorescently labeled PRP-exos were co-cultured with SCs in vitro for observation of their interaction.EdU assay was employed to detect the effect of PRP-exos on SC proliferation,and CCK-8 assay to detect the effects of PRP-exos at different concentrations(0,10,20,40,80,and 160 μg/ml)on SC proliferation. Results The extracted PRP-exos appeared as uniform saucer-shaped vesicles with the average particle size of(122.8±38.7)nm and the concentration of 3.5×10¹² particles/ml.CD63,CD81,CD9,and CD41 were highly expressed on PRP-exos surface(P<0.001,P=0.025,P=0.004,and P=0.032).The isolated SCs expressed S100β,and PRP-exos could be taken up by SCs.PRP-exos of 40,80,and 160 μg/ml promoted the proliferation of SCs,and that of 40 μg/ml showed the best performance(all P<0.01). Conclusions High concentrations of PRP-exos can be extracted from PRP.PRP-exos can be taken up by SCs and promote the proliferation of SCs cultured in vitro.
Humans ; Rats ; Animals ; Exosomes/metabolism* ; Platelet-Rich Plasma ; Schwann Cells ; Coculture Techniques ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured

Tissue regeneration is an important engineering method for the treatment of oral soft and hard tissue defects.Growth factors,as one of the three elements of tissue regeneration,are a necessary condition for tissue regeneration.Concentrated growth factor(CGF)is a new generation of blood extract prepared by changing the centrifugal speed on the basis of the preparation of platelet-rich plasma(PRP)and platelet-rich fibrin(PRF).It contains abundant growth factors and a fibrin matrix with a three-dimensional network structure,being capable of activating angiogenesis and promoting tissue regeneration and healing.CGF has been widely used in the repair and regeneration of oral soft and hard tissues.This paper introduces the preparation and composition of CGF and reviews the application of CGF in oral implantation and the regeneration of oral bone tissue,periodontal tissue,and dental pulp tissue.
Platelet-Rich Plasma/metabolism* ; Platelet-Rich Fibrin ; Cell Proliferation ; Bone and Bones ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism* ; Bone Regeneration

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of multiple myeloma(MM) patients with secondary primary malignancies. METHODS: The clinical data of newly diagnosed MM patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2011 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients with secondary primary malignancies were retrieved, and their clinical features and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 1 935 patients with newly diagnosed MM were admitted in this period, with a median age of 62 (18-94) years old, of which 1 049 cases were hospitalized twice or more. There were eleven cases with secondary primary malignancies (the incidence rate was 1.05%), including three cases of hematological malignancies (2 cases of acute myelomonocytic leukemia and 1 case of acute promyelocytic leukemia) and eight cases of solid tumors (2 cases of lung adenocarcinoma, and 1 case each of endometrial cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, primary liver cancer, bladder cancer, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and meningioma). The median age of onset was 57 years old. The median time between diagnosis of secondary primary malignancies and diagnosis of MM was 39.4 months. There were seven cases with primary or secondary plasma cell leukemia, the incidence rate was 0.67%, and the median age of onset was 52 years old. Compared with the randomized control group, the β2-microglobulin level in the secondary primary malignancies group was lower (P=0.028), and more patients were in stage I/II of ISS (P=0.029). Among the 11 patients with secondary primary malignancies, one survived, ten died, and the median survival time was 40 months. The median survival time of MM patients after the secondary primary malignancies was only seven months. All seven patients with primary or secondary plasma cell leukemia died, with a median survival time of 14 months. The median overall survival time of MM patients with secondary primary malignancies was longer than that of the patients with plasma cell leukemia (P=0.027). CONCLUSION The incidence rate of MM with secondary primary malignancies is 1.05%. MM patients with secondary primary malignancies have poor prognosis and short median survival time, but the median survival time is longer than that of patients with plasma cell leukemia.
Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Multiple Myeloma/complications* ; Leukemia, Plasma Cell ; Retrospective Studies ; Esophageal Neoplasms/complications* ; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma/complications* ; Prognosis ; Neoplasms, Second Primary

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics, therapeutic response and prognosis of patients with plasma cell leukemia (PCL) and improve the understanding of this disease. METHODS: The clinical manifestations, laboratory tests and treatment response of 27 patients with plasma cell leukemia treated in The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from December 2010 to August 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, and their clinical characteristics were summarized. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. RESULTS: There were 18 cases of primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) and 9 cases of secondary plasma cell leukemia (sPCL). The male to female ratio was 1.7∶1. The median age was 62 years old. The first manifestations were bone pain, fatigue, fever, splenomegaly and bleeding, and a large number of plasma cell infiltration was observed in the morphological examination of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. 13 cases were detected by immunotyping and all of them expressed CD38/CD138. 8 cases underwent karyotype analysis, and 3 cases were normal, clonal abnormalities occurred in 5 cases. FISH detection was performed in 12 cases, of which 8 cases were abnormal. In 17 cases of bortezomib based chemotherapy, the ovevall response rate was 52.9%, which was higher than that in the non-bortezomib group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P =0.242). The overall median survival time of 27 patients was 6.4 months, the median progression-free survival time was 3.5 months, and the median survival time of patients with pPCL and sPCL was 8.2 months and 2.4 months, respectively, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P =0.031). CONCLUSION PCL is highly invasive and has diverse clinical manifestations, and is not sensitive to traditional chemotherapy. The median survival time of patients with pPCL is relatively longer than that of patients with sPCL. The chemotherapy regimen based on bortezomib improves the treatment effectiveness and prolongs the survival time of PCL patients.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; Leukemia, Plasma Cell/diagnosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Bortezomib/therapeutic use* ; Prognosis ; Survival Analysis

Introduction: Plasma cell cheilitis (PCC) is a rare, chronic inflammatory dermatitis of unknown etiology. Due to the limited number of cases reported, no guidelines have been established for its treatment. We present a case of PCC clinically similar to actinic cheilitis or mucosal lichen planus, and squamous cell carcinoma but showed response to topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. Case Report: A 62-year-old female with extreme fondness to piping hot food presented with a solitary painful ulceration with some pustules and bleeding on the lower lip with three (3) months duration. Skin punch biopsy revealed a dense band-like infiltrate of plasma cells which is consistent with Plasma cell cheilitis. The patient was given tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and showed significant improvement after a month of treatment. Conclusion PCC is a rare condition that should still be considered in patients presenting with persistent cheilitis. Clinical and histological correlation is advised for proper management and prognostication.
cheilitis ; plasma cell ; tacrolimus

Objective: To investigate the value of plasma cells for diagnosing lymph node diseases. Methods: Common lymphadenopathy (except plasma cell neoplasms) diagnosed from September 2012 to August 2022 were selected from the pathological records of Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China. Morphological and immunohistochemical features were analyzed to examine the infiltration pattern, clonality, and IgG and IgG4 expression of plasma cells in these lymphadenopathies, and to summarize the differential diagnoses of plasma cell infiltration in common lymphadenopathies. Results: A total of 236 cases of lymphadenopathies with various degrees of plasma cell infiltration were included in the study. There were 58 cases of Castleman's disease, 55 cases of IgG4-related lymphadenopathy, 14 cases of syphilitic lymphadenitis, 2 cases of rheumatoid lymphadenitis, 18 cases of Rosai-Dorfman disease, 23 cases of Kimura's disease, 13 cases of dermal lymphadenitis and 53 cases of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). The main features of these lymphadenopathies were lymph node enlargement with various degrees of plasm cell infiltration. A panel of immunohistochemical antibodies were used to examine the distribution of plasma cells and the expression of IgG and IgG4. The presence of lymph node architecture could help determine benign and malignant lesions. The preliminary classification of these lymphadenopathies was based on the infiltration features of plasma cells. The evaluation of IgG and IgG4 as a routine means could exclude the lymph nodes involvement of IgG4-related dieases (IgG4-RD), and whether it was accompanied by autoimmune diseases or multiple-organ diseases, which were of critical evidence for the differential diagnosis. For common lesions of lymphadenopathies, such as Castleman's disease, Kimura's disease, Rosai-Dorfman's disease and dermal lymphadenitis, the expression ratio of IgG4/IgG (>40%) as detected using immunhistochemistry and serum IgG4 levels should be considered as a standard for the possibility of IgG4-RD. The differential diagnosis of multicentric Castleman's diseases and IgG4-RD should be also considered. Conclusions: Infiltration of plasma cells and IgG4-positive plasma cells may be detected in some types of lymphadenopathies and lymphomas in clinicopathological daily practice, but not all of them are related to IgG4-RD. It should be emphasized that the characteristics of plasma cell infiltration and the ratio of IgG4/IgG (>40%) should be considered for further differential diagnosis and avoiding misclassification of lymphadenopathies.
Humans ; Castleman Disease/pathology* ; Plasma Cells/pathology* ; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease ; China ; Lymphadenopathy/pathology* ; Inflammation/pathology* ; Lymph Nodes/pathology* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Lymphadenitis/pathology* ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism*

The multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematologic malignancy, is malignant proliferative disease of plasma cells. Although the application of many targeted drugs has significantly prolonged the survival time of MM patients, it is still an incurable disease. In recent years, the immunosuppression caused by interaction between tumor microenvironment(TME) and tumor cells has attracted people's attention gradually. As a kind of immunosuppressive cells in TME, regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in the progress of MM. Treg is related to the proliferation and metastasis of tumors, and can lead to the progress of MM by promoting the angiogenesis and generating immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we briefly summarized the latest research progress on the impact of Treg on the pathogenesis of MM.
Humans ; Multiple Myeloma/pathology* ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology* ; Immune Tolerance ; Plasma Cells/pathology* ; Immunosuppression Therapy ; Tumor Microenvironment

Humans ; Plasma Cells/pathology* ; Hyperplasia/pathology* ; Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy ; B-Lymphocytes/pathology* ; Lymphoma, T-Cell

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common plasma cell malignancy, accounting for the second largest hematological malignancy. Proteasome inhibitors represented by bortezomib (BTZ) have been the main treatment for patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed or refractory myeloma in nearly two decades. Although BTZ has improved the prognosis of MM patients, MM remains incurable in most patients, mainly because MM cells become resistant to BTZ. This review is to better understand the mechanism of MM resistance to BTZ and explore possible new therapeutic strategies.
Humans ; Bortezomib/therapeutic use* ; Multiple Myeloma/pathology* ; Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology* ; Prognosis ; Plasma Cells/pathology* ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology* ; Cell Line, Tumor

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the effect of circulating plasma cells(CPC) on the prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma(MM) in the era of new drugs, and to explore the new definition standard of primary plasma cell leukemia(pPCL). METHODS: The clinical data of 321 patients with newly diagnosed MM and 21 patients with pPCL admitted to our hospital from January 2014 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the proportion of CPC in peripheral blood smears, all patients were divided into 4 groups: CPC 0% group(211 cases), CPC 1%-4% group(69 cases), CPC 5%-19% group(41 cases) and CPC≥20% group(21 cases). The clinical features of patients in each group were compared and the prognosis fators was analyzed. RESULTS: The median OS of the four groups were 44.5,21.3,24.6 and 12.8 months, respectively. Among them, 295 patients(86.3%) were treated with new drugs, and the median OS of the four groups were not reached, 26.7, 24.6 and 14.9 months, respectively. As the survival curves of CPC 5%-19% group and CPC≥20% group were similar, the patients were divided into CPC<5% group and CPC≥5% group, the median OS of CPC<5% group was better than that in CPC≥5% (43.5 vs 22.3 months, P<0.001). In addition, the median OS of patients in the CPC 1%-4% group was also significantly lower than that in the CPC 0% group and similar to that in the CPC≥5% group. Multivariate analysis showed that 1%-4% CPC was an independent risk factor for the OS of patients with CPC<5%. The patients with CPC<5% were stratified by R-ISS staging, and the OS of R-ISS stage Ⅰ or stage Ⅱ with 1%-4% CPC was similar to that of R-ISS stage Ⅲ. The newly defined pPCL patients showed increased tumor load and obvious invasive characteristics. Multivariate analysis showed no independent prognostic factors for pPCL, and high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities(HRCA) had no significant effect on the prognosis. CONCLUSION The validity of IMWG's new pPCL definition standard was verified, and it was found that the survival of MM with 1%-4% CPC also is poor and the prognosis is very close to pPCL. In addition, the newly defined pPCL has unique clinical and biological characteristics.
Humans ; Multiple Myeloma/pathology* ; Plasma Cells/pathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Leukemia, Plasma Cell/diagnosis*